Starch debranching enzymes

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a genetically engineered variant of a parent starch debranching enzyme, i.e. a pullulanase or an isamylase, the enzyme variant having an improved thermostability at a pH in the range of 4-6 compared to the parent enzyme and/or an increased activity towards amylopectin and/or glycogen compared to the parent enzyme, to methods for producing such starch debranching enzyme variants with improved thermostability and/or altered substrate specificity, and to a method for converting starch to one or more sugars using at least one such enzyme variant.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/346,237, filed Jul. 1, 1999, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 of Danish application PA 1998 00868, filed Jul. 2, 1998, and the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/094,353 filed on Jul. 28, 1998, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to novel starch debranching enzymes, in particular pullulanases and isoamylases, designed for use in a starch conversion process comprising a liquefaction step and a saccharification step, as well as to the production of such enzymes and the use of such enzymes in a starch conversion process.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Starches such as corn, potato, wheat, manioc and rice starch are used as the starting material in commercial large scale production of sugars, such as high fructose syrup, high maltose syrup, maltodextrins, amylose, G4-G6 oligosaccharides and other carbohydrate products such as fat replacers.

[0004] Degradation of starch

[0005] Starch usually consists of about 80% amylopectin and 20% amylose. Amylopectin is a branched polysaccharide in which linear chains α-1,4 D-glucose residues are joined by α-1,6 glucosidic linkages. Amylopectin is partially degraded by α-amylase, which hydrolyzes the 1,4-α-glucosidic linkages to produce branched and linear oligosaccharides. Prolonged degradation of amylopectin by α-amylase results in the formation of so-called α-limit dextrins which are not susceptible to further hydrolysis by the α-amylase. Branched oligosaccharides can be hydrolyzed into linear oligosaccharides by a debranching enzyme. The remaining branched oligosaccharides can be depolymerized to D-glucose by glucoamylase, which hydrolyzes linear oligosaccharides into D-glucose.

[0006] Amylose is a linear polysaccharide built up of D-glucopyranose units linked together by α-1,4 glucosidic linkages. Amylose is degraded into shorter linear oligosaccharides by α-amylase, the linear oligosaccharides being depolymerized into D-glucose by glucoamylase.

[0007] In the case of converting starch into a sugar, the starch is depolymerized. The depolymerization process consists of a pretreatment step and two or three consecutive process steps, namely a liquefaction process, a saccharification process and, depending on the desired end product, optionally an isomerization process.

[0008] Pre-treatment of native starch

[0009] Native starch consists of microscopic granules which are insoluble in water at room temperature. When an aqueous starch slurry is heated, the granules swell and eventually burst, dispersing the starch molecules into the solution. During this “gelatinization” process there is a dramatic increase in viscosity. As the solids level is 30-40% in a typical industrial process, the starch has to be thinned or “liquefied” so that it can be handled. This reduction in viscosity is today mostly obtained by enzymatic degradation.

[0010] Liquefaction

[0011] During the liquefaction step, the long-chained starch is degraded into smaller branched and linear units (maltodextrins) by an α-amylase (e.g. Termamyl™, available from Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark). The liquefaction process is typically carried out at about 105-110° C. for about 5 to 10 minutes followed by about 1-2 hours at about 95° C. The pH generally lies between about 5.5 and 6.2. In order to ensure an optimal enzyme stability under these conditions, calcium is added, e.g. 1 mM of calcium (40 ppm free calcium ions). After this treatment the liquefied starch will have a “dextrose equivalent” (DE) of 10-15.

[0012] Saccharification

[0013] After the liquefaction process the maltodextrins are converted into dextrose by addition of a glucoamylase (e.g. AMG™, available from Novo Nordisk A/S) and a debranching enzyme, such as an isoamylase (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,208) or a pullulanase (e.g. Promozyme™, available from Novo Nordisk A/S) (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,651). Before this step the pH is reduced to a value below 4.5, e.g. about 3.8, maintaining the high temperature (above 95° C.) for a period of e.g. about 30 min. to inactivate the liquefying α-amylase to reduce the formation of short oligosaccharides called “panose precursors” which cannot be hydrolyzed properly by the debranching enzyme.

[0014] The temperature is then lowered to 60° C., glucoamylase and debranching enzyme are added, and the saccharification process proceeds for about 24-72 hours.

[0015] Normally, when denaturing the α-amylase after the liquefaction step, a small amount of the product comprises panose precursurs which cannot be degraded by pullulanases or AMG. If active amylase from the liquefaction step is present during saccharification (i.e. no denaturing), this level can be as high as 1-2% or even higher, which is highly undesirable as it lowers the saccharification yield significantly. For this reason, it is also preferred that the α-amylase is one which is capable of degrading the starch molecules into long, branched oligosaccharides (such as, e.g., the Fungamyl™-like α-amylases) rather than shorter branched oligosaccharides.

[0016] Isomerization

[0017] When the desired final sugar product is e.g. high fructose syrup, the dextrose syrup may be converted into fructose by enzymatic isomerization. After the saccharification process the pH is increased to a value in the range of 6-8, preferably about pH 7.5, and the calcium is removed by ion exchange. The dextrose syrup is then converted into high fructose syrup using, e.g., an immobilized glucose isomerase (such as Sweetzyme™, available from Novo Nordisk A/S).

[0018] Debranching enzymes

[0019] Debranching enzymes which can attack amylopectin are divided into two classes: isoamylases (E.C. 3.2.1.68) and pullulanases (E.C. 3.2.1.41), respectively. Isoamylase hydrolyses α-1,6-D-glucosidic branch linkages in amylopectin and β-limit dextrins and can be distinguished from pullulanases by the inability of isoamylase to attack pullulan, and by their limited action on α-limit dextrins.

[0020] When an acidic stabilised “Termamyl™-like” α-amylase is used for the purpose of maintaining the amylase activity during the entire saccharification process (no inactivation), the degradation specificity should be taken into consideration. It is desirable in this regard to maintain the α-amylase activity throughout the saccharification process, since this allows a reduction in the amyloglucidase addition, which is economically beneficial and reduces the AMG™ condensation product isomaltose, thereby increasing the DE (dextrose equivalent) yield.

[0021] It will be apparent from the above discussion that the known starch conversion processes are performed in a series of steps, due to the different requirements of the various enzymes in terms of e.g. temperature and pH. It would therefore be desirable to be able to engineer one or more of these enzymes so that the overall process could be performed in a more economical and efficient manner. One possibility in this regard is to engineer the otherwise thermolabile debranching enzymes so as to render them more stable at higher temperatures. The present invention relates to such thermostable debranching enzymes, the use of which provides a number of important advantages which will be discussed in detail below. It also relates to starch debranching enzymes with an altered substrate specificity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0022] An object of the present invention is thus to provide thermostable debranching enzymes, for example pullulanases and isoamylases, which are suitable for use at high temperatures in a starch conversion process, in particular using genetic engineering techniques in order to identify and synthesize suitable enzyme variants. Another object of the invention is to provide novel starch debranching enzymes with an altered substrate specificity.

[0023] In its broadest aspect, the present invention can thus be characterized as relating to novel starch debranching enzymes with improved properties in terms of e.g. thermostability or substrate specificity, as well as methods for producing such enzymes and the use of such enzymes in a starch conversion process.

[0024] In one particular aspect, the invention relates to a genetically engineered variant of a parent starch debranching enzyme, the enzyme variant having an improved thermostability at a pH in the range of 4-6 compared to the parent enzyme.

[0025] Another aspect of the invention relates to a genetically engineered variant of a parent starch debranching enzyme, the enzyme variant having an increased activity towards amylopectin and/or glycogen compared to the parent enzyme.

[0026] A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a starch debranching enzyme variant with increased thermostability, the method comprising the steps of:

[0027] identifying one or more amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions associated with thermostability in a first parent starch debranching enzyme,

[0028] identifying one or more homologous amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions in a second parent starch debranching enzyme by means of alignment of the amino acid sequences of the first and second parent starch debranching enzymes, and

[0029] mutating one or more of the homologous amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions in the second parent starch debranching enzyme to produce an enzyme variant with increased thermostability.

[0030] A still further aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a starch debranching enzyme variant with altered substrate specificity, the method comprising the steps of:

[0031] identifying one or more amino acid residues in at least one amino acid loop associated with specificity towards a desired substrate in a first parent starch debranching enzyme,

[0032] identifying one or more homologous amino acid residues in at least one corresponding loop in a second parent starch debranching enzyme by means of alignment of the amino acid sequences of the first and second parent starch debranching enzymes, and

[0033] mutating one or more of the homologous amino acid residues in at least one loop in the second parent starch debranching enzyme to produce an enzyme variant with altered substrate specificity.

[0034] The term “loop” means, at least in the context of the present invention, the sequence part following the beta-strand/sheet part of the sequence in question. Said “beta strands/sheets” may be identified by multiple sequence alignment of sequences of the present invention and sequences with a known three dimensional structure. Such alignments can be made using standard alignment programs, available from e.g. the UWGCG package (Program Manual for the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, August 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA 53711).

[0035] Known three-dimensional enzyme structures are available from Brookhaven Databank. Examples of such are the three-dimensional structure of the Aspergillus oryzae TAKA α-amylase (Swift et al., 1991), the Aspergillus niger acid amylase (Brady et al, 1991), the structure of pig pancreatic α-amylase (Qian et al., 1993), and the barley α-amylase (Kadziola et al. 1994, Journal of Molecular Biology 239:104-121; A.Kadziola, Thesis, Dept of Chemistry, U. of Copenhagen, Denmark).

[0036] The invention relates in addition to a method for converting starch to one or more sugars, the method comprising debranching the starch using at least one enzyme variant as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0037] In the present context, the term “thermostable” refers in general to the fact that the debranching enzyme variants according to the invention have an improved thermostability compared to the relevant parent enzyme. The degree of improvement in thermostability can vary according to factors such as the thermostability of the parent enzyme and the intended use of the enzyme variant, i.e. whether it is primarily intended to be used in for liquefaction or for saccharification or both. It will be apparent from the discussion below that for saccharification, the enzyme variant should maintain a substantial degree of enzyme activity during the saccharification step at a temperature of at least about 63° C., preferably at least about 70° C., while an enzyme variant designed for use in the liquefaction step should be able to maintain a substantial degree of enzyme activity at a temperature of at least about 95° C.

[0038] The improved thermostability of enzyme variants according to the invention can in particular be defined according to one or more of the following criteria:

[0039] In one embodiment, the enzyme variant of the invention has an improved thermostability as defined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the method described below.

[0040] In another embodiment, the enzyme variant of the invention has an improved thermostability as defined by an increased half-time (T_(½)) of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, such as at least 100%, in the “T_(½) assay for liquefaction” described herein, using a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 95° C. Enzyme variants according to this definition are suitable for use in the liquefaction step of the starch conversion process.

[0041] Alternatively or additionally, an enzyme variant suitable for use in liquefaction can be defined as having an improved thermostability as defined by an increased residual enzyme activity of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, in the “assay for residual activity after liquefaction” described herein, using a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 95° C.

[0042] In a further embodiment, the enzyme variant of the invention has an improved thermostability as defined by an increased half-time (T_(½)) of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, such as at least 100%, in the “T_(½) assay for saccharification” described herein, using a pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 70° C. Such variants are suitable for use in the saccharification step of the starch conversion process.

[0043] Alternatively or additionally, an enzyme variant suitable for saccharification can be defined as having an improved thermostability as defined by an increased residual enzyme activity of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, in the “assay for residual activity after saccharification” described herein, using a pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 63° C. Preferably, this improved thermostability is also observed when assayed at a temperature of 70° C.

[0044] The term “substantially active” as used herein for a given enzyme variant and a given set of conditions of temperature, pH and time means that the relative enzymatic activity of the enzyme variant is at least about 25%, preferably at least about 50%, in particular at least about 60%, especially at least about 70%, such as at least about 90% or 95%, e.g. at least about 99% compared to the relative activity of the parent enzyme under the given set of conditions mentioned in connection with improved thermostability right above.

[0045] An enzyme variant “derived from” a given enzyme (a “parent enzyme”) means that the amino acid sequence of the parent enzyme has been modified, i.e. by substitution, deletion, insertion and/or loop transfer as described below, to result in the enzyme variant. In the case of a parent enzyme produced by an organism such as a microorganism, where an enzyme variant according to the invention is derived from the parent enzyme, the enzyme variant may be produced by appropriate transformation of the same or a similar microorganism or other organism used to produce the parent enzyme.

[0046] One advantage of the thermostable debranching enzymes of the invention is that they make it possible to perform liquefaction and debranching simultaneously before the saccharification step. This has not previously been possible, since the known pullulanases and isoamylases with acceptable specific activity are thermolabile and are inactivated at temperatures above 60° C. (Some thermostable pullulanases from Pyrococcus are known, but these have an extremely low specific activity at higher temperatures and are thus unsuitable for purposes of the present invention). By debranching, using the thermostable debranching enzymes of the invention, during liquefaction together with the action of an α-amylase, the formation of panose precursors is reduced, thereby reducing the panose content in the final product and increasing the overall saccharification yield. It is also possible in this manner to extend the liquefaction process time without risking formation of large amount of panose precursors. By prolonging the liquefaction step, the DE yield is increased from 10-15 to e.g. 15-20, reducing the need for glucoamylase. This reduced glucoamylase requirement is in turn advantageous as the formation of undesired isomaltose is reduced, thereby resulting in an increased glucose yield. In addition, the reduced glucoamylase addition enables the saccharification step to be carried out at a higher substrate concentration (higher DS, dry substances, concentration) than the normal approx. 30-35% used according to the prior art. This allows reduced evaporation costs downstream, e.g. in a high fructose corn syrup process, and the saccharification reaction time can also be reduced, thereby increasing production capacity. A further advantage is that α-amylase used in the liquefaction process does not need to be inactivated/denatured in this case.

[0047] Furthermore, it is also possible to use the thermostable debranching enzymes according to the invention during saccharification, which is advantageous for several reasons. In the conventional starch saccharification process, the process temperature is not more than 60° C. due to the fact that neither the saccharification enzyme pullulanase nor AMG™ are sufficiently thermostable to allow the use of a higher temperature. This is a disadvantage, however, as it would be very desirable to run the process at a temperature of above about 60° C., in particular above 63° C., e.g. about 70° C., to reduce microbial growth during the relatively long saccharification step. Furthermore, a higher process temperature normally gives a higher activity per mg of enzyme (higher specific activity), thereby making it possible to reduce the weight amount of enzyme used and/or obtain a higher total enzymatic activity. A higher temperature can also result in a higher dry matter content after saccharification, which would be beneficial in terms of reducing evaporation costs.

[0048] Although a thermostable isoamylase might be regarded as being more beneficial than a thermostable pullulanase when used in the liquefaction process, since isoamylases are characterised by their specificity towards amylopectin and activity on higher molecular weight dextrins, a preferred alternative is to alter the specificity of a pullulanase so as to be more “isoamylase-like” in the sense of having improved activity towards longer, branched-chain dextrins. Among the various pullulanases there are substantial differences in this respect, even among the pullanases of the same Bacillus origin.

[0049] Methods for determining stability and activity

[0050] Thermostability

[0051] Thermostability of pullulanases and isoamylases can be detected by measuring the residual activity by incubating the enzyme under accelerated stress conditions, which comprise: pH 4.5 in a 50 mM sodium acetate buffer without a stabilizing dextrin matrix (such as the approximately 35% dry matter which is normally present during saccharification). The stability can be determined at isotherms of e.g. 63° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90° C. and 95° C., measuring the residual activity of samples taken from a water bath at regular intervals (e.g. every 5 or 10 min.) during a time period of 1 hour. For determining stability for the purpose of liquefaction, a pH of 5.0, a temperature of 95° C. and a total assay time of 30 minutes are used (“assay for residual activity after liquefaction”). For determining stability for the purpose of saccharification, a pH of 4.5, a temperature of 63° C. or 70° C. and a total assay time of 30 minutes are used (“assay for residual activity after saccharification”).

[0052] Alternatively, the thermostability may be expressed as a “half-time” (T_(½)), which is defined as the time, under a given set of conditions, at which the activity of the enzyme being assayed is reduced to 50% of the initial activity at the beginning of the assay. In this case, the “T_(½) assay for liquefaction” uses a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 95° C., while the “T_(½) assay for saccharification” uses a pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 70° C. The assay is otherwise performed as described above for the respective assays for residual activity.

[0053] Activity: Somogyi-Nelson method for determination of reducing sugars

[0054] The activity of both pullulanases and isoamylases can be measured using the Somogyi—Nelson method for the determination of reducing sugars (J. Biol. Chem. 153, 375 (1944)). This method is based on the principle that sugar reduces cupric ions to cuprous oxide, which reacts with an arsenate molybdate reagent to produce a blue colour that is measured spectrophotometrically. The solution to be measured must contain 50-600 mg of glucose per liter. The procedure for the Somogyi-Nelson method is as follows:

[0055] Sample value: Pipet 1 ml of sugar solution into a test tube. Add 1 ml of copper reagent. Stopper the test tube with a glass bead. Place the test tube in a boiling water bath for 20 minutes. Cool the test tube. Add 1 ml of Nelson's colour reagent. Shake the test tube without inverting it. Add 10 ml of deionized water.

[0056] Invert the test tube and shake vigorously. Measure the absorbance at 520 nm, inverting the test tube once immediately prior to transfer of the liquid to the cuvette.

[0057] Blank value: Same procedure as for the sample value, but with water instead of sugar solution.

[0058] Standard value: Same procedure as for the sample value.

[0059] Calculations:

[0060] In the region 0-2 the absorbance is proportional to the amount of sugar. ${{mg}\quad {{sugar}/l}} = \frac{100\quad \left( {{sample} - {blank}} \right)}{\left( {{standard} - {blank}} \right)}$ ${\% \quad {glucose}} = \frac{\left( {{sample} - {blank}} \right)}{100 \times \left( {{standard} - {blank}} \right)}$

[0061] Reagents:

[0062] 1. Somogyi's copper reagent

[0063] 35.1 g Na₂HPO₄.2H₂O and 40.0 g potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC₄H₄O₂.4H₂O) are dissolved in 700 ml of deionized water. 100 ml of 1N sodium hydroxide and 80 ml of 10% cupric sulphate (CuSO₄.5H₂O) are added. 180 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate are dissolved in the mixture, and the volume is brought to 1 liter with deionized water.

[0064] 2. Nelson's colour reagent

[0065] 50 g of ammonium molybdate are dissolved in 900 ml of deionized water. Then 42 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid are added, followed by 6 g of disodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water, and the volume is brought to 1 liter with deionized water. The solution is allowed to stand for 24-48 hours at 37° C. before use and is stored in the dark in a brown glass bottle with a glass stopper.

[0066] 3. Standard

[0067] 100 mg of glucose (anhydrous) are dissolved in 1 liter of deionized water.

[0068] Substrate specificity

[0069] Methods for the determination and characterisation of the profile of action and specificity of pullulanases and isoamylases for various substrates (e.g. amylopectin, glycogen and pullulan) are described by Kainuma et al. in Carbohydrate Research, 61 (1978) 345-357. Using these methods, the relative activity of an isoamylase or a pullulanase can be determined, and the relative activity of an enzyme variant according to the invention compared to the relative activity of the parent enzyme can be assessed, for example to determine whether a pullulanase variant has the desired increased specificity toward high molecular weight saccharides such as amylopectin compared to the parent enzyme.

[0070] Starch conversion

[0071] As indicated above, in one embodiment of the invention, the starch conversion process comprises debranching using a thermostable debranching enzyme of the invention during the liquefaction step together with an α-amylase. The liquefaction step is typically carried out at a pH between 4.5 and 6.5, e.g. from 5.0 to 6.2, at a temperature in the range of 95-110° C. for a period of 1 to 3 hours, preferably about 1.5-2 hours. It is preferred, however, that the pH is as low as possible, e.g. from 4.5 to 5.0, as long as the enzyme(s) used for the liquefaction have a sufficient stability at the pH in question. If the α-amylase is calcium dependent, calcium may be added in an amount of from 30 to 50 ppm, such as around 40 ppm (or 0.75 to 1.25 mM, such as around 1 mM) in the liquefaction step to stabilise the enzyme. As explained above, the the α-amylase need not be inactivated after the liquefaction step to reduced the panose formation in this case.

[0072] Examples of specific α-amylases which can be used in the liquefaction step include Bacillus licheniformis α-amylases, such as the commercially available products Termamyl®, Spezyme® AA, Spezyme® Delta AA, Maxamyl® and Kleistase®, and the α-amylase mutants described in WO 96/23874 (Novo Nordisk) and PCT/DK97/00197 (Novo Nordisk).

[0073] Isoamylases which can be used as a parent enzyme according to the invention include, but are not limited to, the thermostable isoamylase derived from the thermophilic acrhaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (Maruta, K et al., (1996), Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1291, p. 177-181), isoamylase from Rhodothermus marinus (e.g. the isoamylase of SEQ ID NO 3) and isoamylase from Pseudomonas, e.g. Pseudomonas amyloderamosa (e.g. Pseudomonas amyloderamosa isoamylase disclosed in EMBL database accession number J03871 or GeneBank accession number N90389).

[0074] Examples of pullulanases which can be used as a parent enzyme include, but are not limited to, a thermostable pullulanase from e.g. Pyrococcus or a protein engineered pullulanase from e.g. a Bacillus strain such as Bacillus acidopullulyticus (e.g. Promozyme™ or SEQ ID NO 1) or Bacillus deramificans (e.g. SEQ ID NO 2; or the Bacillus deramificans pullulanase with GeneBank accession number Q68699).

[0075] While prior art methods for saccharification employ a temperature of not more than about 60° C., the present invention provides thermostable debranching enzymes that can remain active at higher temperatures, i.e. at least about 63° C. and preferably at least about 70° C. so as to eliminate possibilities for microbial growth. Examples of suitable glycoamylases for saccharification include Aspergillus niger glucoamylases, such as AMG™. The saccharification process typically proceeds for about 24-72 hours at a pH of about 4.0-4.5, preferably about 4.0.

[0076] When the desired final sugar product is e.g. a high fructose syrup of approx. 50% fructose syrup, the formed D-glucose is isomerized by an isomerase at a pH around 6-8, preferably about 7.5. An example of a suitable isomerase is an glucose isomerase such as the glucose isomerase derived from Streptomyces murinus. The isomerase may be an immobilized glucose isomerase, such as Sweetzyme®.

[0077] Calcium is normally removed if added before the liquefaction step.

[0078] Engineering of pullulanases and isoamylases

[0079] The pullulanases and isoamylases are members of the family 13 amylases (Henrissat, B. et al., Biochem J. 293:781-788, 1993). This suggests that they have the same overall structure in the central part of the molecule consisting of an A, B and C domain. The B domains vary quite dramatically in size and structure, whereas the other two domains are believed to generally possess a high degree of homology. The A domain is composed of an alpha-8/beta-8 structure (a beta-barrel) and 8 loops between the beta-strands and the alpha-helices (a helix can in certain cases be absent, however). The sequences coming from the beta-strand part of the beta-barrel point towards the substrate binding region. These regions are of particular interest for the specificity of the enzyme (Svensson, B. et al., Biochemical Society Transactions, Vol. 20; McGregor, J. Prot. Chem. 7:399, 1988). However, by using information about specific sequences and as well as general strategies for analyzing pullulanase and isoamylase sequences, the present invention provides the necessary tools to be able to engineer these enzymes to produce variants with improved thermostability and/or specificity.

[0080] Sequence listings

[0081] The following sequence listings are referred to herein:

[0082] SEQ ID NO 1: pullulanase from Bacillus acidopullulyticus

[0083] SEQ ID NO 2: pullulanase from Bacillus deramificans

[0084] SEQ ID NO 3+SEQ ID NO 12: isoamylase from Rhodothermus marinus

[0085] SEQ ID NO 4: isoamylase from Pseudomonas amyloderamosa JD270 (Chen,J H et al. (1990) Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1087, pp 307-315) (Brookhaven database: 1BF2)

[0086] SEQ ID NO 5: pullulanase from Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kornacker et al., Mol. Microbiol. 4:73-85(1990))

[0087] SEQ ID NO 6: pullulanase from Klebsiella aerogenes (Katsuragi et al., J. Bacteriol. 169:2301-2306 (1987))

[0088] SEQ ID NO 7:isoamylase from Pseudomonas sp. SMP1 (Tognoni,A. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,037)

[0089] SEQ ID NO 8: isoamylase from Favobacterium odoratum (JP 9623981, Susumu Hizukuri et al.)

[0090] SEQ ID NO 9: isoamylase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, ATCC 33909 (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1291 (1996) 177-181, Kazuhiko Maruta et al.)

[0091] SEQ ID NO 10: isoamylase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (GeneBank Accession no. Y08256).

[0092] SEQ ID NO 11: isoamylase from maize, Zea mays (ACCESSION U18908)

[0093] SEQ ID NO 13: Bacillus acidopullulyticus pulB gene (SEQ ID NO: 13).

[0094] Structure of pullulanases

[0095] The appended FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence of four different pullulanases as well as an alignment of these sequences. On the basis of information provided by this alignment, it is possible to perform homology substitutions in order to obtain desired characteristics of improved thermostability and/or altered substrate specificity.

[0096] The four sequences are SEQ ID NO 5, 6, 1 and 2.

[0097] Structure of isoamylases

[0098] The appended FIG. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of seven different isoamylases as well as an alignment of these sequences. On the basis of information provided by this alignment, it is possible to perform homology substitutions in order to obtain desired characteristics of improved thermostability and/or altered substrate specificity.

[0099] The seven sequences are SEQ ID NO 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 3 and 11.

[0100] The X-ray structure of the Pseudomonas amyloderamosa isoamylase has recently been published in the Brookhaven database under number 1BF2. The structure confirms the overall view of the sequence alignment method, but also shows certain differences to the suggested alignment. The corrected loop numbers deduced from the 3D structure of Pseudomonas amyloderamosa isoamylase (1BF2) are shown below: Loop Suggested Deduced from structure 1. 210-230 211-231 2. 250-292 251-295 3. 319-376 319-330 4. 401-436 401-436 5. 461-479 461-468 6. 482-485 482-503 7. 530-539 533-580 8. 605-636 606-636

[0101] Alignment of pullulanases and isoamylases

[0102] The appended FIG. 3 shows a “key alignment” of selected pullulanases and isoamylases (those of SEQ ID NO 1, 2, 3 and 4), in other words a best-fit alignment of homologous amino acid residues in the respective sequences. The dashes (“----”) indicate presumed beta-strand positions. Each set of dashes is followed by a loop number, indicating the position in the sequence of the loops. Information on the location of the individual loops is found in Table 1 below.

[0103] By comparing the most homologous sequence from the “key alignment” of two or more relevant starch debranching enzymes with a new starch debranching enzyme sequence, and aligning these two sequences, residues from the new sequence homologous to residues in the sequence from the key alignment can be determined. The homology may be found e.g. by using the GAP program from the UWGCG package (Program Manual for the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, August 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA 53711). The new sequence can then be placed in the key alignment by using a text editing program or other suitable computer program.

[0104] Table 1 below provides information on the location of selected regions of interest in the various loops of the selected pullulanases and isoamylases, these loop regions being of general interest with regard to modification to produce enzyme variants according to the invention. Loop 3 below constitutes domain B (MacGregor, 1988), while the other loops belong to domain A. TABLE 1 Loop 1 Loop 2 Loop 3 Loop 4 Loop 5 Loop 6 Loop 7 Loop 8 Pullulanases Seg. Id. a. 369-397 419-458 484-525 553-568 582-608 613-616 661-670 708-739 No. 1 b. 372-385 422-448 488-520 558-568 587-606 663-670 710-724 c. 375-385 422-438 488-499 591-606 710-715 Seq. Id. a. 465-493 515-554 580-621 649-684 680-711 714-717 757-765 804-834 No. 2 Isoamylases Seq. Id. a. 210-230 250-292 319-376 401-437 461-479 482-485 530-539 605-636 No. 4 Seq. Id. a. 176-195 218-257 283-334 359-381 395-413 416-419 461-470 537-568 No. 3 b. 179-193 221-250 288-326 364-381 399-411 463-470 539-553 c. 182-193 221-239 288-303 403-411 539-545

[0105] Where more than one region is listed for a given enzyme and loop in Table 1, the region listed first (i.e. a.) is in each case the expected length of the loop in question. The next region (i.e. b.) is the preferred region for modification, and the last region (i.e. c.) is most preferred.

[0106] By performing modifications, i.e. substitutions, deletions, insertions and/or loop transfer, in one or more these loops, engineered proteins having the desired properties in terms of improved thermostability and/or altered substrate specificity may be produced. An enzyme variant according to the invention may comprise any appropriate combination of one or more substitutions, deletions, insertions and/or loop transfers to obtain the desired characteristics of improved thermostability and/or altered activity.

[0107] The loop region of SEQ ID NO: 1, i.e. 369-397 (region denoted a), may according to the invention suitably be replaced with the corresponding spatially placed region of SEQ ID NO.4, i.e. 176-195 (i.e. denoted a.). Further, region 371-385 of loop 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) (i.e. denoted b.) may correspondingly be replaced with region 179-193 of loop 1 (SEQ ID NO. 4) (i.e. denoted b.).

[0108] In the present context, a simplified nomenclature is used to indicate amino acid substitutions in a given position. For example “G81P” refers to the substitution of a glycine residue in position 81 with a proline residue, and “F489G,A” refers to the substitution of a phenylalanine residue in position 489 with either glycine or alanine.

[0109] Engineering for improved thermostability

[0110] When engineering for improved thermostability, either or both of the first and second parent enzymes may be an isoamylase or a pullulanase. For obtaining improved thermostability of isoamylases and pullulanases, we can focus especially on the B domain, which has been shown to be important for stability, using sequence homology information as further described below.

[0111] Thermostability—sequence homology

[0112] Several different approaches may be used for the purpose of obtaining increased thermostability, including proline substitutions, Gly to Ala substitutions and Asn and Gln substitutions. Further details and examples of these approaches are provided below.

[0113] Proline substitutions:

[0114] Proline substitutions, i.e. replacing one or more non-proline amino acid residues with a proline residue, are suggested as an approach for obtaining thermostability on the basis of sequence alignment of isomylases and pullulanases. Examples of possible proline substitutions are provided in the following.

[0115] Isoamylases:

[0116] In P. amyloderamosa isomylase (SEQ ID NO 4):

[0117] Positions for proline substitution include G81P, G99P, T18P, T199P, Q202P, T221, Q226P, A238P, T278P, R286P, A294P, G467P, G64P, V67P, E69P, A549P, G713P, T719P and D736P, and preferably S356P, T376P, T278P, N348P and S454P.

[0118] In R. marinus isoamylase (SEQ ID NO 3):

[0119] Positions for proline substitution include G154P, N305P and N669P, and preferably R588P and K480P.

[0120] Pullulanases:

[0121] In B. acidopullulyticus pullulanase (SEQ ID NO 1):

[0122] Preferred positions include A210P, V215P, L249P, K383P, S509P, T811P and G823P.

[0123] in B. deramificans pullulanase (SEQ ID NO 2):

[0124] Preferred positions include G306P, V311P, L345P, D605P, T907P and A919P.

[0125] Gly to Ala substitutions: for example:

[0126] In P. amyloderamosa isoamylase (SEQ ID NO 4):

[0127] G181A

[0128] Asn (N) and Gln (Q) substitutions:

[0129] The new residues are chosen from all 20 possible amino acid residues, but preferably residues in a homologous position as seen from sequence alignment, Leu, Ile, Phe, Ala, Thr, Ser and Tyr being preferred. Of special interest are the following: SEQ ID NO 1: Loop1: N379, N384 Loop2: N426, Q432, N434, N437, N444, N446 Loop3: N486, N490, Q502, N512, N515, N521 Loop4: - Loop5: Q596 Loop6: N616, N621, Q628 Loop7: N679, N681, Q684 Loop8: N720, N722, N731, Q732 SEQ ID NO 2: Loop1: N475, N480 Loop2: N522, N533, N590 Loop3: N582, N608, N611, N617 Loop4: — Loop5: Q691, Q698 Loop6: N712, N717 Loop7: N764, N775 Loop8: N815, N817, N820 SEQ ID NO 3: Loop1: — Loop2: N227, N232 Loop3: N286, N305, N314, N315, N327, N333 Loop4: — Loop5: Q405 Loop6: — Loop7: N482, N485, N489, N496, N500, Q513 Loop8: N54, N548, N549, Q553, N555, N560, Q562 SEQ ID NO 4: Loop1: Q218, Q225 Loop2: Q254, Q257, N258, N261, N266, N270, Q271, N272, N280 Loop3: N322, N348, N358, Q359, N364, N370, N372, N375 Loop4: N408, N412, N421, N424, N428 Loop5: N468, Q471, Q477 Loop6: — Loop7: N547, N550, N551, Q553, N567, Q572 Loop8: Q615, N617, N618, N619, N622

[0130] Modifications in loops 2 and 3 are of particular interest with regard to improving thermostability. Loop 2 is of interest due to its interactions with another domain in the N-terminal part of the sequence. Loop 3 is of interest due to possible association with a calcium binding site located between domain A and domain B.

[0131] Engineering for altered substrate specificity

[0132] When engineering for altered substrate specificity, either or both of the first and second parent enzymes may be an isoamylase or a pullulanase, although it is of particular interest for purposes of the present invention to obtain improved specificity of pullulanases towards higher molecular weight branched starchy material such as glycogen and amylopectin, in other words a transfer of “isoamylase-like” specificity to a pullulanase, e.g. by means of modifications in the loops 1-8, preferably loops 1, 2, 4 and 5.

[0133] For the transfer of isoamylase-like activity to pullulanase, a loop transfer from an isoamylase to a pullulanase is of particular interest, for example by inserting loop 5 from an isoamylase into the site for loop 5 of a pullulanase, or by inserting loop 1 from an isoamylase into the site for loop 1 of a pullulanase with the numbering indicated in Table 1.

[0134] Activity, sequence homology and overall beta-strand, alpha-helix and loop placement in sequence knowledge

[0135] Activity, either specific activity or specificity, can be transferred to pullulanases, using sequence information from e.g. P. amyloderamosa isoamylase (SEQ ID NO: 4) (high isoamylase activity). Also activity, either specific activity or specificity, can be transferred to isoamylases, using sequence information from e.g. B. acidopullulyticus pullulanase(SEQ ID NO: 1). The loops are analysed for specific residues present especially in the beginning of the loop sequence, from the end of the beta-strand in isoamylases (or suggested beta-strand in pullulanases).

[0136] The suggested changes exemplified below apply to all pullulanases in the homologous positions corresponding to those of the two pullulanases discussed:

[0137] Providing pullulanase with isoamylase-like activity:

[0138] This may be provided by substitutions in loop regions following the beta-strands in B. acidopullulyticus (SEQ ID NO 1) and B. deramificans (SEQ ID NO 2) pullulanase: After strand: Beta-1 Beta-2 Beta-3 Beta-4 Beta-5 Beta-6 Beta-7 Beta-8 B. acido. D137G N437Y F489G,A M555A G581A I614Y,F N668G E711D Seq. ID. No.1 T585A,D W672EKQA B. derami. D149G N533Y F585G,A M651A G677A L710Y,F N764G E807D Seq. ID. No. 2 T681A,D W768EKQA

[0139] For transfer of the high activity of P. amyloderamosa isoamylase towards higher molecular weight branched starchy material to R. marinus isoamylase or other isoamylases, or to pullulanases, a sequence alignment is performed as described above. By assessing sequence homology and taking into consideration the “structure” of the enzymes as described above, strategies for mutation can be deduced.

[0140] The transfer of higher activity from P. amyloderamosa is preferably performed without losing the thermostability of R. marinus isoamylase in any substantial degree. Although it may generally be difficult to alter substrate activity without altering thermostability, it is contemplated that the present invention will allow the obtainment of a higher activity while at the same time substantially maintaining the high thermostability in R. marinus isoamylase as well as in the more thermostable pullulanases. This is made possible by aligning isoamylases and pullulanases to be mutated with the “key alignment” and selecting parent enzymes to be mutated as well as specific amino acid residues and regions to be mutated using information obtained from such alignments of amino acid sequences.

[0141] The list below provides examples of possible mutations, based on these principles, that may be performed to obtain higher activity of R. marinus (SEQ ID NO 3) towards the higher molecular weight starchy materials. !Mutations for higher activity of SEQ ID NO 3: Loop1: K183E, L184Q, H185D, P186T, E187S, V188T, E190A, P191Q Preferred; L184Q, P186T, E187S, P191Q Loop2: H222Q, A223E, K224T, V225Q, H226N, R228A, H229N, L230D, insert VPN between 231 and 232, E232S, R233D, G234A, L235N, R236Q, N242M, P243T, L244E, C245N, A248S, E250D, P251R Preferred; K224T, V225Q, R228A, P251R Loop3: G289A, V293T, L294W, insertion of TSSDPTT between 294 and 295, G295A, P296T, T297I, L298Y, P300W, I303L, R306A, A307T, K310E, A311L, D312T, P313S, N314G, delete P316, R317Q, F318Y, L319F, V320Y, Y322N, T325I, N327A, T328N, L329F, D330N, V331T, G332Y, P334T Preferred; P296T, R306A, P313S, delete P316, V331T, P334T Loop4: A404S, A405V, A407G Loop5: D397A, V398I, P400G, G401N, G402S, V405L, H407G, W410Q, Q411G Loop6: R418L, Y419F, A422S, V423L, R425Q, F426A, W427Q Loop7: F469M, E472K, L474V, V475Y Loop8: L542Y, S543L, Q5446L, H447Q

[0142] Site-directed mutagenesis

[0143] Once an isoamylase or pullulanase encoding DNA sequence has been isolated, and desirable sites for mutation identified, mutations may be introduced using synthetic oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides contain nucleotide sequences flanking the desired mutation sites. In a specific method, a single-stranded gap of DNA, the enzyme-encoding sequence, is created in a vector carrying the enzyme gene. Then the synthetic nucleotide, bearing the desired mutation, is annealed to a homologous portion of the single-stranded DNA. The remaining gap is then filled in with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) and the construct is ligated using T4 ligase. A specific example of this method is described in Morinaga et al., (1984), Biotechnology 2, p. 646-639. U.S. Pat. No. 4,760,025 discloses the introduction of oligonucleotides encoding multiple mutations by performing minor alterations of the cassette. However, an even greater variety of mutations can be introduced at any one time by the Morinaga method, because a multitude of oligonucleotides, of various lengths, can be introduced.

[0144] Another method for introducing mutations into enzyme-encoding DNA sequences is described in Nelson and Long, (1989), Analytical Biochemistry 180, p. 147-151. It involves the 3-step generation of a PCR fragment containing the desired mutation introduced by using a chemically synthesized DNA strand as one of the primers in the PCR reactions. From the PCR-generated fragment, a DNA fragment carrying the mutation may be isolated by cleavage with restriction endonucleases and reinserted into an expression plasmid.

[0145] Random Mutagenesis

[0146] Random mutagenesis is suitably performed either as localised or region-specific random mutagenesis in at least three parts of the gene translating to the amino acid sequence shown in question, or within the whole gene.

[0147] The random mutagenesis of a DNA sequence encoding a parent enzyme may be conveniently performed by use of any method known in the art.

[0148] In relation to the above, a further aspect of the present invention relates to a method for generating a variant of a parent enzyme, wherein the variant exhibits improved thermal stability relative to the parent, the method comprising:

[0149] (a) subjecting a DNA sequence encoding the parent enzyme to random mutagenesis,

[0150] (b) expressing the mutated DNA sequence obtained in step (a) in a host cell, and

[0151] (c) screening for host cells expressing an enzyme variant which has an altered property (e.g. thermal stability) relative to the parent enzyme.

[0152] Step (a) of the above method of the invention is preferably performed using doped primers.

[0153] For instance, the random mutagenesis may be performed by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, by use of a suitable oligonucleotide, or by subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generated mutagenesis. Furthermore, the random mutagenesis may be performed by use of any combination of these mutagenizing agents. The mutagenizing agent may, e.g., be one which induces transitions, transversions, inversions, scrambling, deletions, and/or insertions.

[0154] Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for the present purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues. When such agents are used, the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the DNA sequence encoding the parent enzyme to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions for the mutagenesis to take place, and selecting for mutated DNA having the desired properties.

[0155] When the mutagenesis is performed by the use of an oligonucleotide, the oligonucleotide may be doped or spiked with the three non-parent nucleotides during the synthesis of the oligonucleotide at the positions which are to be changed. The doping or spiking may be done so that codons for unwanted amino acids are avoided. The doped or spiked oligonucleotide can be incorporated into the DNA encoding the glucoamylase enzyme by any published technique, using e.g. PCR, LCR or any DNA polymerase and ligase as deemed appropriate.

[0156] Preferably, the doping is carried out using “constant random doping”, in which the percentage of wild-type and mutation in each position is predefined. Furthermore, the doping may be directed toward a preference for the introduction of certain nucleotides, and thereby a preference for the introduction of one or more specific amino acid residues. The doping may be made, e.g., so as to allow for the introduction of 90% wild type and 10% mutations in each position. An additional consideration in the choice of a doping scheme is based on genetic as well as protein-structural constraints. The doping scheme may be made by using the DOPE program which, inter alia, ensures that introduction of stop codons is avoided (Jensen, L J, Andersen, K V, Svendsen, A, and Kretzschmar, T (1998) Nucleic Acids Research 26:697-702).

[0157] When PCR-generated mutagenesis is used, either a chemically treated or non-treated gene encoding a parent glucoamylase is subjected to PCR under conditions that increase the misincorporation of nucleotides (Deshler 1992; Leung et al., Technique, Vol.1, 1989, pp. 11-15).

[0158] A mutator strain of E. coli (Fowler et al., Molec. Gen. Genet., 133, 1974, pp. 179-191), S. cereviseae or any other microbial organism may be used for the random mutagenesis of the DNA encoding the enzyme by, e.g., transforming a plasmid containing the parent enzyme into the mutator strain, growing the mutator strain with the plasmid and isolating the mutated plasmid from the mutator strain. The mutated plasmid may be subsequently transformed into the expression organism.

[0159] The DNA sequence to be mutagenized may be conveniently present in a genomic or cDNA library prepared from an organism expressing the parent enzyme. Alternatively, the DNA sequence may be present on a suitable vector such as a plasmid or a bacteriophage, which as such may be incubated with or other-wise exposed to the mutagenising agent. The DNA to be mutagenized may also be present in a host cell either by being integrated in the genome of said cell or by being present on a vector harboured in the cell. Finally, the DNA to be mutagenized may be in isolated form. It will be understood that the DNA sequence to be subjected to random mutagenesis is preferably a cDNA or a genomic DNA sequence.

[0160] In some cases it may be convenient to amplify the mutated DNA sequence prior to performing the expression step b) or the screening step c). Such amplification may be performed in accordance with methods known in the art, the presently preferred method being PCR-generated amplification using oligonucleotide primers prepared on the basis of the DNA or amino acid sequence of the parent enzyme.

[0161] Subsequent to the incubation with or exposure to the mutagenising agent, the mutated DNA is expressed by culturing a suitable host cell carrying the DNA sequence under conditions allowing expression to take place. The host cell used for this purpose may be one which has been transformed with the mutated DNA sequence, optionally present on a vector, or one which was carried the DNA sequence encoding the parent enzyme during the mutagenesis treatment. Examples of suitable host cells are the following: gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptomyces lividans or Streptomyces murinus; and gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli.

[0162] The mutated DNA sequence may further comprise a DNA sequence encoding functions permitting expression of the mutated DNA sequence.

[0163] Localized random mutagenesis

[0164] The random mutagenesis may be advantageously localized to a part of the parent enzyme in question. This may, e.g., be advantageous when certain regions of the enzyme have been identified to be of particular importance for a given property of the enzyme, and when modified are expected to result in a variant having improved properties. Such regions may normally be identified when the tertiary structure of the parent enzyme has been elucidated and related to the function of the enzyme.

[0165] The localized, or region-specific, random mutagenesis is conveniently performed by use of PCR generated mutagenesis techniques as described above or any other suitable technique known in the art. Alternatively, the DNA sequence encoding the part of the DNA sequence to be modified may be isolated, e.g., by insertion into a suitable vector, and said part may be subsequently subjected to mutagenesis by use of any of the mutagenesis methods discussed above.

[0166] Homology To Other Parent Enzyme

[0167] In an embodiment, the present invention also relates to variants of isolated parent polypeptides having an amino acid sequence which has a degree of identity to any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 of at least about 60%, preferably at least about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, preferably at least about 90%, preferably at least about 93%, more preferably at least about 95%, even more preferably at least about 97%, and most preferably at least about 99%, and which have pullulanase or isoamylase activity (hereinafter “homologous polypeptides”). In a preferred embodiment, the homologous parent polypeptides have an amino acid sequence which differs by five amino acids, preferably by four amino acids, more preferably by three amino acids, even more preferably by two amino acids, and most preferably by one amino acid from any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4.

[0168] The amino acid sequence homology may be determined as the degree of identity between the two sequences indicating a derivation of the first sequence from the second. “Homology” (identity) may be determined by use of any conventional algorithm, preferably by use of the gap program from the GCG package version 8 (August 1994) using default values for gap penalties, i.e., a gap creation penalty of 3.0 and gap extension penalty of 0.1 (Genetic Computer Group (1991) Programme Manual for the GCG Package, version 8, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA 53711).

[0169] Preferably, the parent polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4; or allelic variants thereof; or a fragment thereof that has pullulanase or isoamylase activity.

[0170] Fragments of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 are polypeptides having one or more amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of these amino acid sequences.

[0171] An allelic variant denotes any of two or more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences. An allelic variant of a polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.

[0172] In another embodiment, the isolated parent polypeptides having pullulanase or isoamylase activity are encoded by nucleic acid sequences which hybridize under very low stringency conditions, more preferably low stringency conditions more preferably medium stringency conditions, more preferably medium-high stringency conditions, even more preferably high stringency conditions, and most preferably very high stringency conditions with a nucleic acid probe which hybridizes under the same conditions with (i) the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13; (ii) a subsequence of (i); or (iii) a complementary strand of (i) or (ii) (J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatus, 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The subsequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13 may be at least 100 nucleotides or preferably at least 200 nucleotides. Moreover, the subsequence may encode a polypeptide fragment which has pullulanase or isoamylase activity, respectively. The parent polypeptides may also be allelic variants or fragments of the polypeptides that have pullulanase or isoamylase activity.

[0173] The nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13 or a subsequence thereof, as well as the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4 or a fragment thereof, may be used to design a nucleic acid probe to identify and clone DNA encoding polypeptides having pullulanase or isoamylase activity, from strains of different genera or species according to methods well known in the art. In particular, such probes can be used for hybridization with the genomic or cDNA of the genus or species of interest, following standard Southern blotting procedures, in order to identify and isolate the corresponding gene therein. Such probes can be considerably shorter than the entire sequence, but should be at least 15, preferably at least 25, and more preferably at least 35 nucleotides in length. Longer probes can also be used. Both DNA and RNA probes can be used. The probes are typically labeled for detecting the corresponding gene (for example, with ³²P, ³H, ³⁵S, biotin, or avidin). Such probes are encompassed by the present invention.

[0174] Thus, a genomic DNA or cDNA library prepared from such other organisms may be screened for DNA which hybridizes with the probes described above and which encodes a polypeptide having pullulanase or isoamylase activity. Genomic or other DNA from such other organisms may be separated by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or other separation techniques. DNA from the libraries or the separated DNA may be transferred to and immobilized on nitrocellulose or other suitable carrier material. In order to identify a clone or DNA which is homologous with SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13 or subsequences thereof, the carrier material is used in a Southern blot. For purposes of the present invention, hybridization indicates that the nucleic acid sequence hybridizes to a nucleic acid probe corresponding to the nucleic acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13, its complementary strand, or a subsequence thereof, under very low to very high stringency conditions. Molecules to which the nucleic acid probe hybridizes under these conditions are detected using X-ray film.

[0175] For long probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2×SSC, 0.2% SDS preferably at least at 45° C. (very low stringency), more preferably at least at 50° C. (low stringency), more preferably at least at 55° C. (medium stringency), more preferably at least at 60° C. (medium-high stringency), even more preferably at least at 65° C. (high stringency), and most preferably at least at 70° C. (very high stringency).

[0176] For short probes which are about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, stringency conditions are defined as prehybridization, hybridization, and washing post-hybridization at 5° C. to 10° C. below the calculated T_(m) using the calculation according to Bolton and McCarthy (1962, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 48:1390) in 0.9 M NaCl, 0.09 M Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 6 mM EDTA, 0.5% NP-40, 1X Denhardt's solution, 1 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM sodium monobasic phosphate, 0.1 mM ATP, and 0.2 mg of yeast RNA per ml following standard Southern blotting procedures.

[0177] For short probes which are about 15 nucleotides to about 70 nucleotides in length, the carrier material is washed once in 6X SCC plus 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes and twice each for 15 minutes using 6X SSC at 5° C. to 10° C. below the calculated T_(m).

[0178] The present invention also relates to isolated nucleic acid sequences produced by (a) hybridizing a DNA under very low, low, medium, medium-high, high, or very high stringency conditions with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13, or its complementary strand, or a subsequence thereof; and (b) isolating the nucleic acid sequence. The subsequence is preferably a sequence of at least 100 nucleotides such as a sequence which encodes a polypeptide fragment which has pullulanase or isoamylase activity.

[0179] Contemplated parent polypeptides have at least 20%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 100% of the pullulanase or isoamylase activity of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4.

[0180] The invention will be further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0181] Donor organisms:

[0182]Bacillus acidopullulyticus comprises the pullulanase enzyme encoding DNA sequence of the pulB gene (SEQ ID NO: 13) (Kelly, A. P., Diderichsen, B., Jorgensen, S. And McConnett, D. J. (1994) Molecular genetic analysis of the pullulanase B gene of Bacillus acidopullulyticus. FEMS Microbiology letters 115, 97-106).

[0183] Other strains:

[0184]E. coli strain: Cells of E. coli SJ2 (Diderichsen, B., Wedsted, U., Hedegaard, L., Jensen, B. R., Sjøholm, C. (1990) Cloning of aldB, which encodes alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase, an exoenzyme from Bacillus brevis. J. Bacteriol., 172, 4315-4321), were prepared for and transformed by electroporation using a Gene PulserTM electroporator from BIO-RAD as described by the supplier.

[0185]B.subtilis PL1801. This strain is the B.subtilis DN1885 with disrupted apr and npr genes (Diderichsen, B., Wedsted, U., Hedegaard, L., Jensen, B. R., Sjøholm, C. (1990) Cloning of aldB, which encodes alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase, an exoenzyme from Bacillus brevis. J. Bacteriol., 172, 4315-4321). Competent cells were prepared and transformed as described by Yasbin, R. E., Wilson, G. A. and Young, F. E. (1975) Transformation and transfection in lysogenic strains of Bacillus subtilis: evidence for selective induction of prophage in competent cells. J. Bacteriol, 121:296-304.

[0186] Plasmids.

[0187] pMOL944. This plasmid is a pUB110 derivative essentially containing elements making the plasmid popagatable in Bacillus subtilis, kanamycin resistance gene and having a strong promoter and signal peptide cloned from the amyL gene of B.licheniformis ATCC14580. The signal peptide contains a SacII site making it convenient to clone the DNA encoding the mature part of a protein in-fusion with the signal peptide. This results in the expression of a Pre-protein which is directed towards the exterior of the cell.

[0188] The plasmid was constructed by means of ordinary genetic engineering and is briefly described in the following.

[0189] Construction of pMOL944:

[0190] The pUB110 plasmid (McKenzie, T. et al., 1986, Plasmid 15:93-103) was digested with the unique restriction enzyme NciI . A PCR fragment amplified from the amyL promoter encoded on the plasmid pDN1981 (P. L. Jørgensen et al.,1990, Gene, 96, p37-41.) was digested with NciI and inserted in the NciI digested pUB110 to give the plasmid pSJ2624.

[0191] The two PCR primers used have the following sequences: # LWN5494 5′-GTCGCCGGGGCGGCCGCTATCAATTGGTAACTGTATCTCAGC -3′ # LWN5495 5′-GTCGCCCGGGAGCTCTGATCAGGTACCAAGCTTGTCGACCTGCAGAA TGAGGCAGCAAGAAGAT -3′

[0192] The primer #LWN5494 inserts a NotI site in the plasmid.

[0193] The plasmid pSJ2624 was then digested with SacI and NotI and a new PCR fragment amplified on amyL promoter encoded on the pDN1981 was digested with SacI and NotI and this DNA fragment was inserted in the SacI-NotI digested pSJ2624 to give the plasmid pSJ2670.

[0194] This cloning replaces the first amyL promoter cloning with the same promoter but in the opposite direction. The two primers used for PCR amplification have the following sequences: #LWN5938  5′-GTCGGCGGCCGCTGATCACGTACCAAGCTTGTCGACCTGCAGAATG AGGCAGCAAGAAGAT -3′ #LWN5939  5′-GTCGGAGCTCTATCAATTGGTAACTGTATCTCAGC -3′

[0195] The plasmid pSJ2670 was digested with the restriction enzymes PstI and BclI and a PCR fragment amplified from a cloned DNA sequence encoding the alkaline amylase SP722 (Patent # WO9526397-A1) was digested with PstI and BclI and inserted to give the plasmid pMOL944. The two primers used for PCR amplification have the following sequence: #LWN7864 5′ -AACAGCTGATCACGACTGATCTTTTAGCTTGGCAC 3′ #LWN7901 5′ -AACTGCAGCCGCGGCACATCATAATGGGACAAATGGG -3′

[0196] The primer #LWN7901 inserts a SacII site in the plasmid.

[0197] Subcloning and expression of pullulanase pulB in B.subtilis. The pulB encoding DNA sequence of the invention was PCR amplified using the PCR primer set consisting of these two oligo nucleotides: pulB.upper.SacII 5′-CAT TCT GCA GCC GCG GCA GAT TCT ACC TCG ACA GAA GTC-3′ pulB.lower.NotI 5′-GTT GAG AAA A GC GGC CGC TTC TTT AAC ACA TGC TAC GG-3′

[0198] Restriction sites SacII and NotII are underlined.

[0199] The pulB upper SacII primer is situated just after the signal sequence of the pulB gene and will after cloning in the pMOL944 vector generate a signal fusion to the amyL signal sequence. The pulB lower primer is situated just after the mRNA terminator of the pulB gene.

[0200] Genomic DNA preparation:

[0201] Strain Bacillus pullulyticus (ID noxxxx) was propagated in liquid TY medium. After 16 hours incubation at 30° C. and 300 rpm, the cells were harvested, and genomic DNA isolated by the method described by Pitcher et al. (Pitcher, D. G., Saunders, N. A., Owen, R. J. (1989). Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 8, 151-156).

[0202] Chromosomal DNA isolated from B. pullulyticus as described above was used as template in a PCR reaction using Amplitaq DNA Polymerase (Perkin Elmer) according to manufacturers instructions. The PCR reaction was set up in PCR buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin) containing 200 μM of each dNTP, 2.5 units of AmpliTaq polymerase (Perkin-Elmer, Cetus, USA) and 100 pmol of each primer

[0203] The PCR reactions was performed using a DNA thermal cycler (Landgraf, Germany). One incubation at 94° C. for 1 min followed by thirty cycles of PCR performed using a cycle profile of denaturation at 96° C. for 10 sec, annealing at 60° C. for 30 sec, and extension at 72° C. for 150 sec. Five-μl aliquots of the amplification product was analysed by electrophoresis in 0.7% agarose gels (NuSieve, FMC) . The appearance of a DNA fragment size 2.5 kb indicated proper amplification of the gene segment.

[0204] Subcloning of PCR fragment.

[0205] Fortyfive-μl aliquots of the PCR products generated as described above were purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The purified DNA was eluted in 50 μl of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5. 5 μg of pMOL944 and twentyfive-μl of the purified PCR fragment was digested with SacII and NotI, electrophoresed in 0.8% low gelling temperature agarose (SeaPlaque GTG, FMC) gels, the relevant fragments were excised from the gels, and purified using QIAquick Gel extraction Kit (Qiagen, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The isolated PCR DNA fragment was then ligated to the SacII-NotI digested and purified pMOL944. The ligation was performed overnight at 16° C. using 0.5 μg of each DNA fragment, 1 U of T4 DNA ligase and T4 ligase buffer (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany).

[0206] The ligation mixture was used to transform competent B.subtilis PL2306. The transformed cells were plated onto LBPG-10 μg/ml of Kanamycin −0.1% AZCL-Pullulan-agar plates. After 18 hours incubation at 37° C. cells positively expressing the cloned Pullulanase were seen as colonies surrounded by blue halos. One such positive clone was restreaked several times on agar plates as used above, this clone was called PULxxx. The clone PULxxx was grown overnight in TY-10 μg/ml Kanamycin at 37° C., and next day 1 ml of cells were used to isolate plasmid from the cells using the Qiaprep Spin Plasmid Miniprep Kit #27106 according to the manufacturers recommendations for B.subtilis plasmid preparations.

[0207] Expression of Pullulanase.

[0208] PULxxx was grown in 25×200 ml BPX media with 10 μg/ml of Kanamycin in 500 ml two baffled shakeflasks for 5 days at 30° C. at 300 rpm. pulB seq: (SEQ ID NO: 13) AAAAAATGCTTAATAGAAGGAGTGTAATCTGTGTCCCTAATACGTTCTAGGTATAATCATTTTG TCATTCTTTTTACTGTCGCCATAATGTTTCTAACAGTTTGTTTCCCCGCTTATAAAGCTTTAGC AGATTCTACCTCGACAGAAGTCATTGTGCATTATCATCGTTTTGATTCTAACTATGCAAATTGG GATCTATGGATGTGGCCATATCAACCAGTTAATGGTAATGGAGCAGCATACGAGTTTTCTGGAA AGGATGATTTTGGCGTTAAAGCAGATGTTCAAGTGCCTGGGGATGATACACAGGTAGGTCTGAT TGTCCGTACAAATGATTGGAGCCAAAAAAATACATCAGACGATCTCCATATTGATCTGACAAAG GGGCATGAAATATGGATTGTTCAGGGGGATCCCAATATTTATTACAATCTGAGTGATGCGCAGG CTGCAGCGACTCCAAAGGTTTCGAATGCGTATTTGGATAATGAAAAAACAGTATTGGCAAAGCT AACTAATCCAATGACATTATCAGATGGATCAAGCGGCTTTACGGTTACAGATAAAACAACAGGG GAACAAATTCCAGTTACCGCTGCAACAAATGCGAACTCAGCCTCCTCGTCTGAGCAGACAGACT TGGTTCAATTGACGTTAGCCAGTGCACCGGATGTTTCCCATACAATACAAGTAGGAGCAGCCGG TTATGAAGCAGTCAATCTCATACCACGAAATGTATTAAATTTGCCTCGTTATTATTACAGCGGA AATGATTTAGGTAACGTTTATTCAAATAAGGCAACGGCCTTCCGTGTATGGGCTCCAACTGCTT CGGATGTCCAATTACTTTTATACAATAGTGAAACAGGACCTGTAACCAAACAGCTTGAAATGCA AAAGAGTGATAACGGTACATGGAAACTGAAGGTCCCTGGTAATCTGAAAAATTGGTATTATCTC TATCAGGTAACGGTGAATGGGAAGACACAAACAGCCGTTGACCCTTATGTGCGTGCTATTTCAG TCAATGCAACACGTGGTATGATAGTCGATTTAGAAGATACGAATCCTCCTGGATGGAAAGAAGA TCATCAACAGACACCTGCGAACCCAGTGGATGAAGTAATCTACGAAGTGCATGTGCGTGATTTT TCGATTGATGCTAATTCAGGCATGAAAAATAAAGGGAAATATCTTGCCTTTACAGAACATGGCA CAAAAGGCCCTGATAACGTGAAAACGGGTATTGATAGTTTGAAGGAATTAGGAATCAATGCTGT TCAATTACAGCCGATTGAAGAATTTAACAGCATTGATGAAACCCAACCAAATATGTATAACTGG GGCTATGACCCAAGAAACTACAACGTCCCTGAAGGAGCGTATGCAACTACACCAGAAGGAACGG CTCGCATTACCCAGTTAAAGCAACTGATTCAAAGCATTCATAAAGATCGGATTGCTATCAATAT GGATGTGGTCTATAACCATACCTTTAACGTAGGAGTGTCTGATTTTGATAAGATTGTTCCGCAA TACTATTATCGGACAGACAGCGCAGGTAATTATACGAACGGCTCAGGTGTAGGTAATGAAATTG CGACCGAGCGTCCGATGGTCCAAAAGTTCGTTCTGGATTCTGTTAAATATTGGGTAAAGGAATA CCATATCGACGGCTTC CGTTTCGATCTTATGGCTCTTTTAGGAAAAGACACCATGGCCAAAATATCAAAAGAGCTTCATG CTATTAATCCTGGCATTGTCCTGTATGGAGAACCATGGACTGGCGGTACCTCTGGATTATCAAG CGACCAACTCGTTACGAAAGGTCAGCAAAAGGGCTTGGGAATTGGCGTATTCAACGATAATATT CGGAACGGACTCGATGGTAACGTTTTTGATAAATCGGCACAAGGATTTGCAACAGGAGATCCAA ACCAAGTTAATGTCATTAAAAATAGAGTTATGGGAAGTATTTCAGATTTCACTTCGGCACCTAG CGAAACCATTAACTATGTAACAAGCCATGATAATATGACATTGTGGGATAAAATTAGCGCAAGT AATCCGAACGATACACAAGCAGATCGAATTAAGATGGATGAATTGGCTCAAGCTGTGGTATTTA CTTCACAAGGGGTACCATTTATGCAAGGTGGAGAAGAAATGCTGCGGACAAAAGGCGGTAATGA TAATAGTTACAATGCCGGGGATAGCGTGAATCAGTTCGATTGGTCAAGAAAAGCACAATTTGAA AATGTATTCGACTACTATTCTTGGTTGATTCATCTACGTGATAATCACCCAGCATTCCGTATGA CGACAGCGGATCAAATCAAACAAAATCTCACTTTCTTGGATAGCCCAACGAACACTGTAGCATT TGAATTAAAAAATCATGCCAATCATGATAAATGGAAAAACATTATAGTTATGTATAATCCAAAT AAAACTGCACAAACTCTCACTCTACCAAGTGGAAATTGGACAATTGTAGGATTAGGCAATCAAG TAGGTGAGAAATCACTAGGCCATGTAAATGGCACGGTTGAGGTGCCAGCTCTTAGTACGATCAT TCTTCATCAGGGTACATCTGAAGATGTCATTGATCAAAATTAATATTGATTAAGAAATGATTTG TAAAACATTTAAGTCCATTTACACGGGATACTGTGTAAATGGATTTTAGTTTTATCCGTAGCAT GTGTTAAAGAAGTAAATAGTAAATGGCAATTT

[0209] Target for the two amplifying primers is indicated

[0210] Media:

[0211] TY (as described in Ausubel, F. M. et al. (eds.) “Current protocols in Molecular Biology”. John Wiley and Sons, 1995). LB agar (as described in Ausubel, F. M. et al. (eds.) “Current protocols in Molecular Biology”. John Wiley and Sons, 1995).

[0212] LBPG is LB agar supplemented with 0.5% Glucose and 0.05 M potassium phosphate, pH 7.0

[0213] AZCL-Pullulan is added to LBPG-agar to 0.5% AZCL-pullulan is from Megazyme, Australia.

[0214] BPX media is described in EP 0 506 780 (WO 91/09129).

Example 2

[0215] Purification of Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase

[0216] (Promozyme™)

[0217]Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase was purified from a fermentation of B. acidopullulyticus (described in EP 63,909), the pullulanase being secreted to the medium.

[0218] A filter aid was added to the culture broth, which was filtered through a filtration cloth. This solution was further filtered through a Seitz depth filter plate, resulting in a clear solution. The filtrate was concentrated by ultrafiltration on 10 kDa cut-off polyethersulfone membranes followed by dialfiltration with distilled water to reduce the conductivity. The pH of the concentrated enzyme was adjusted to pH 4.5. The conductivity of the concentrated enzyme was 0.7 mS/cm.

[0219] The concentrated pullulanase was applied to an S-Sepharose FF column equilibrated in 20 mM CH₃COOH/NaOH, pH 4.5, and the enzyme was eluted with a linear NaCl gradient (0→0.5M). The pullulanase activity eluted as a single peak. The pooled fractions with pullulanase activity were transferred to 20 mM KH₂PO₄/NaOH, pH 7.0 on a Sephadex G25 column. The enzyme was further purified by application to a Q-Sepharose FF column equilibrated in 20 mM KH₂PO₄/NaOH, pH 7.0. After washing the column, the pullulanase was eluted with a linear NaCl gradient (0→0.5M). Fractions with pullulanase activity were pooled and the buffer was exchanged for 20 mM CH₃COOH/NaOH, pH 4.5, on a Sephadex G25 column. The pullulanase was then applied to a SOURCE 30S column equilibrated in 20 mM CH₃COOH/NaOH, pH 4.5. After washing the column, the pullulanase activity was eluted with an increasing linear NaCl gradient (0→0.2M). Fractions with pullulanase activity were pooled and concentrated on an ultrafiltration cell with a 10 kDa cut-off regenerated cellulose membrane. The concentrated enzyme was applied to a Superdex200 size exclusion column equilibrated in 20 mM CH₃COOH/NaOH, 200 mM NaCl, pH 4.5. Fractions eluted from the Superdex200 column were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and pure pullulanase fractions were pooled.

[0220] The pullulanase migrates on SDS-PAGE as a band with M_(r)=100 kDa.

[0221] Other pullulanases and isoamylases may be purified essentially in the same manner.

[0222] Sepharose, Sephadex, SOURCE and Superdex are trademarks owned by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech.

Example 3

[0223] Thermostability of pullulanases and isoamylases

[0224] The thermostability of pullulanases and isoamylses may be tested by means of DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The thermal denaturation temperature, Td, is taken as the top of the denaturation peak in thermograms (Cp vs. T) obtained after heating enzyme solutions at a constant, programmed heating rate.

[0225] Experimental:

[0226] A suitable DSC apparatus, e.g. a DSC II apparatus from Hart Scientific (Utah, USA) may used for the experiments. 50 mM buffered solutions are used as solvent for the enzyme (approx. 2 mg/ml) at either pH 10 (50 mM glycine buffer), pH 7 (50 mM HEPES buffer+10 mM EDTA) or pH 4 (50 mM citrate buffer). The enzyme may be purified as described above. 750 μl enzyme solution is transferred into standard 1 ml sealable hastelloy ampoules (Hart Scientific). Ampoules are loaded into the calorimeter and cooled to 5° C. for 15 min. Thermal equilibration is carried out prior to the DSC scan. The DSC scan is performed at from 5° C. to 95° C. at a scan rate of approx. 90 K/hr. Denaturation temperatures are determined with an accuracy of approx. +/−2° C. The results are expressed as top to denaturation peak as a function of pH.

Example 4

[0227] Activity

[0228] Debranching activity assay:

[0229] The results below show that the specific activity (activity/mg pure enzyme) is highly dependent on the enzyme class. Isoamylases are extremely active towards high molecular weight branched starchy material such as glycogen and amylopectin, whereas pullulanases are very low in activity towards these substrates. The activity unit reflects the number of reducing ends which are formed during a 10 min. incubation period. The opposite picture is observed with pullulanases, i.e. low activity towards high molecular weight branched starchy material such as glycogen and amylopectin but high activity towards e.g. pullulan.

[0230] A high activity towards amylopectin and glycogen is particularly preferable when an enzymatic debranching is to take place together with the action of an α-amylase in the liquefaction process. On the other hand, a high activity towards small oligosaccharides such as pullulan is preferable when an enzymatic debranching is to take place during the saccharification step, i.e. after the liquefaction process when the high molecular weight components have been broken down to smaller oligosaccharides. If a pullulanase could be altered to have a high activity (specificity) towards high molecular weight compounds such as amylopectin, this would be highly preferable when the pullulanase is added during the liquefaction process.

[0231] Substrates used: rabbit liver glycogen and pullulan. Previous tests had showed that a high concentration of substrate was needed in order for the substrate not to be the limiting factor when a linear assay is developed. A “high” substrate concentration is, in this context, 10% w/v. The Somogyi-Nelson assay measures the amount of reducing ends formed by enzymatic degradation of the substrate. With normal assay times of up to 3 hours, the formation of reducing ends is fairly limited, even though the enzyme concentration is high (10% w/v). This means that the assay measures a relatively small difference in reducing ends on a very high background which is much higher than the measurable difference in absorbance during the enzyme treatment. For this reason, the reducing ends in glycogen and pullulan were oxidised with NaBH₄ as follows in order to reduce the substrate background level:

[0232] 1000 mg of glycogen was dissolved in 40 ml of water to which 0.2% NaOH had been added. 800 mg NaBH₄ was added carefully under stirring. The solution was stirred for 48 h at 25° C., after which the reaction was stopped by adding Amberlite IR-118H, a cation exchanger which removes the boron ions and stop the reaction. The solution was filtered to remove the matrix and was evaporated to give 10 ml. The solution was dialyased extensively against deionized water in order to remove residual boron ions. This method was found to reduce the background value by at least a factor of 10.

[0233] The assay was conducted according to the method of Somogyi-Nelson, using 50 mM sodium acetate, pH values of 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5 and a temperature of 50° C. (isoamylase) or 60° C. (pullulanases), with a reaction time of 10 min. Glucose was used as a standard, a standard curve being made from solutions containing of 0-200 mg glucose/liter. TABLE 3 Temp. pH PUN/mg Glycogen from Rabbit liver Pullulanase from 60° C. 4.5 50 B. acidopullulyticus (SEQ ID NO 1) 60° C. 5.0 49 60° C. 5.5 51 Pullulanase from 60° C. 4.5 37 B. deramificans (SEQ ID NO 2) 60° C. 5.0 31 60° C. 5.5 30 Isoamylase from 50° C. 4.5 2829 Pseudomonas (SEQ ID NO 4) 50° C. 5.0 2858 50° C. 5.5 2709 Pullulan Pullulanase from 60° C. 4.5 402 B. acidopullulyticus (SEQ ID NO 1) 60° C. 5.0 414 60° C. 5.5 393 Pullulanase from 60° C. 4.5 288 B. deramificans (SEQ ID NO 2) 60° C. 5.0 276 60° C. 5.5 255 Isoamylase from 50° C. 4.5 14 Pseudomonas (SEQ ID NO 4) 50° C. 5.0 14 50° C. 5.5 6 SEQ ID NO 12: (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 2181 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (B) STRAIN: Rhodothermus marinus DSM 4252 (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..2181

[0234]     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 12: ATG TCA CAT AGC GCG CAA CCG GTT ACG TCG GTA CAG GCC GTC TGG CCC 48 Met Ser His Ser Ala Gln Pro Val Thr Ser Val Gln Ala Val Trp Pro   1               5                  10                  15 GGC CGG CCT TAT CCG CTG GGT GCC ACC TGG GAC GGG CTG GGC GTC AAC 96 Gly Arg Pro Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ala Thr Trp Asp Gly Leu Gly Val Asn              20                  25                 30 TTT GCC CTC TAC AGC CAG CAC GCC GAG GCG GTC GAA CTG GTG CTG TTC 144 Phe Ala Leu Tyr Ser Gln His Ala Glu Ala Val Glu Leu Val Leu Phe          35                  40                  45 GAC CAC CCG GAC GAT CCC GCG CCT TCG CGC ACG ATC GAA GTG ACC GAA 192 Asp His Pro Asp Asp Pro Ala Pro Ser Arg Thr Ile Glu Val Thr Glu      50                  55                  60 CGG ACA GGC CCG ATC TGG CAT GTG TAC CTG CCC GGC CTG CGT CCC GGC 240 Arg Thr Gly Pro Ile Trp His Val Tyr Leu Pro Gly Leu Arg Pro Gly  65                  70                  75                  80 CAG CTC TAC GGC TAT CGC GTC TAC GGA CCC TAC CGG CCG GAG GAA GGC 288 Gln Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Arg Val Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Arg Pro Glu Glu Gly                  85                  90                  95 CAC CGC TTC AAT CCG AAC AAG GTG CTG CTC GAC CCC TAC GCG AAG GCC 336 His Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn Lys Val Leu Leu Asp Pro Tyr Ala Lys Ala             100                 105                 110 ATC GGC CGG CCC CTT CGC TGG CAC GAC AGC CTC TTC GGT TAC AAA ATC 384 Ile Gly Arg Pro Leu Arg Trp His Asp Ser Leu Phe Gly Tyr Lys Ile         115                 120                 125 GGC GAT CCG GCC GGG GAT CTG TCG TTC TCC GAA GAA GAC AGC GCT CCG 432 Gly Asp Pro Ala Gly Asp Leu Ser Phe Ser Glu Glu Asp Ser Ala Pro     130                 135                 140 TAC GCG CCG CTG GGA GCC GTC GTG GAG GGC TGT TTC GAG TGG GGC GAC 480 Tyr Ala Pro Leu Gly Ala Val Val Glu Gly Cys Phe Glu Trp Gly Asp 145                 150                 155                 160 GAC CGC CCG CCG CGC ATT CCC TGG GAA GAC ACG ATC ATC TAC GAA ACG 528 Asp Arg Pro Pro Arg Ile Pro Trp Glu Asp Thr Ile Ile Tyr Glu Thr                 165                 170                 175 CAC GTC AAG GGC ATC ACG AAG CTG CAT CCG GAA GTG CCG GAG CCG CTG 576 His Val Lys Gly Ile Thr Lys Leu His Pro Glu Val Pro Glu Pro Leu             180                 185                 190 CGG GGG ACG TAT CTG GGG CTG ACC TGC GAG CCG GTG CTG GAG CAC CTG 624 Arg Gly Thr Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Cys Glu Pro Val Leu Glu His Leu         195                 200                 205 AAG CAG CTG GGC GTC ACC ACG ATC CAG CTC CTT CCG GTG CAC GCA AAA 672 Lys Gln Leu Gly Val Thr Thr Ile Gln Leu Leu Pro Val His Ala Lys     210                 215                 220 GTG CAC GAT CGG CAC CTG GTC GAG CGC GGC CTG CGC AAC TAC TGG GGC 720 Val His Asp Arg His Leu Val Glu Arg Gly Leu Arg Asn Tyr Trp Gly 225                 230                 235                 240 TAC AAT CCG CTC TGC TAC TTT GCG CCG GAG CCC GAG TAC GCC ACG AAC 768 Tyr Asn Pro Leu Cys Tyr Phe Ala Pro Glu Pro Glu Tyr Ala Thr Asn                 245                 250                 255 GGG CCG ATC TCG GCC GTG CGC GAG TTC AAG ATG ATG GTG CGG GCG CTG 816 Gly Pro Ile Ser Ala Val Arg Glu Phe Lys Met Met Val Arg Ala Leu             260                 265                 270 CAT GCT GCC GGC TTC GAG GTG ATC GTC GAC GTG GTC TAC AAC CAC ACG 864 His Ala Ala Gly Phe Glu Val Ile Val Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr         275                 280                 285 GGC GAA GGC GGC GTG CTG GGC CCC ACG CTG TCG TTC CGG GGC ATC GAC 912 Gly Glu Gly Gly Val Leu Gly Pro Thr Leu Ser Phe Arg Gly Ile Asp     290                 295                 300 AAC CGC GCC TAC TAC AAG GCC GAT CCG AAC AAC CCG CGC TTT CTG GTC 960 Asn Arg Ala Tyr Tyr Lys Ala Asp Pro Asn Asn Pro Arg Phe Leu Val 305                 310                 315                 320 GAT TAC ACG GGC ACC GGC AAC ACG CTG GAC GTG GGC AAC CCC TAC GTC 1008 Asp Tyr Thr Gly Thr Gly Asn Thr Leu Asp Val Gly Asn Pro Tyr Val                 325                 330                 335 ATC CAG CTC ATC ATG GAC AGC CTG CGC TAC TGG GTC ACT GAA ATG CAC 1056 Ile Gln Leu Ile Met Asp Ser Leu Arg Tyr Trp Val Thr Glu Met His             340                 345                 350 GTC GAC GGC TTT CGG TTC GAC CTG GCC GCC GCG CTG GCC CGC GAG CTG 1104 Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Arg Glu Leu         355                 360                 365 TAC GAC GTG GAC ATG CTC TCG ACC TTT TTT CAG GTC ATT CAG CAG GAC 1152 Tyr Asp Val Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Phe Phe Gln Val Ile Gln Gln Asp     370                 375                 380 CCG GTG CTC AGC CAG GTC AAG CTC ATC GCC GAA CCC TGG GAC GTC GGG 1200 Pro Val Leu Ser Gln Val Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Pro Trp Asp Val Gly 385                 390                 395                 400 CCG GGG GGG TAT CAG GTG GGA CAT TTT CCC TGG CAG TGG ACC GAG TGG 1248 Pro Gly Gly Tyr Gln Val Gly His Phe Pro Trp Gln Trp Thr Glu Trp                 405                 410                 415 AAC GGC CGC TAT CGT GAC GCC GTG CGC CGC TTC TGG CGG GGC GAT CGG 1296 Asn Gly Arg Tyr Arg Asp Ala Val Arg Arg Phe Trp Arg Gly Asp Arg             420                 425                 430 GGC CTC AAC GGT GAG TTT GCC ACG CGC TTT GCC GGC TCC AGC GAT CTG 1344 Gly Leu Asn Gly Glu Phe Ala Thr Arg Phe Ala Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu         435                 440                 445 TAC GAA CGT AGC GGT CGT CGT CCG TTC GCT TCG ATC AAC TTC GTC ACG 1392 Tyr Glu Arg Ser Gly Arg Arg Pro Phe Ala Ser Ile Asn Phe Val Thr     450                 455                 460 GCG CAC GAC GGC TTC ACG CTG GAA GAC CTG GTC AGC TAC ACG AAA AAG 1440 Ala His Asp Gly Phe Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Val Ser Tyr Thr Lys Lys 465                 470                 475                 480 CAC AAC GAA GCG AAT CTG GAA GGC AAC CGG GAC GGC ATG GAC GAA AAC 1488 His Asn Glu Ala Asn Leu Glu Gly Asn Arg Asp Gly Met Asp Glu Asn                 485                 490                 495 TAC AGC ACG AAC TGC GGG GTG GAG GGA CCC ACG CAG GAT CCG TCC GTG 1536 Tyr Ser Thr Asn Cys Gly Val Glu Gly Pro Thr Gln Asp Pro Ser Val             500                 505                 510 CTG GCC TGC CGG GAA GCG CTC AAG CGC AGC CTG ATC AGC ACG CTC TTT 1584 Leu Ala Cys Arg Glu Ala Leu Lys Arg Ser Leu Ile Ser Thr Leu Phe         515                 520                 525 CTC TCG CAG GGC GTG CCC ATG CTG CTG GGC GGC GAC GAG CTG TCG CGC 1632 Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Met Leu Leu Gly Gly Asp Glu Leu Ser Arg     530                 535                 540 ACG CAG CAC GGC AAC AAC AAC GCC TAT TGC CAG GAC AAC GAG ATC AGC 1680 Thr Gln His Gly Asn Asn Asn Ala Tyr Cys Gln Asp Asn Glu Ile Ser 545                 550                 555                 560 TGG TAC AAC TGG CAG CTC GAC ACG CGC AAG CAG CAG TTT CTG GAG TTC 1728 Trp Tyr Asn Trp Gln Leu Asp Thr Arg Lys Gln Gln Phe Leu Glu Phe                 565                 570                 575 GTG CGC CAG ACG ATC TGG TTT CGC AAG CAG CAT CGG AGC TTC CGG CGC 1776 Val Arg Gln Thr Ile Trp Phe Arg Lys Gln His Arg Ser Phe Arg Arg             580                 585                 590 CGC CAT TTT CTG ACC GGA TTG CCC AAC GGC GGA AGG CCC CGA CGC AGT 1824 Arg His Phe Leu Thr Gly Leu Pro Asn Gly Gly Arg Pro Arg Arg Ser         595                 600                 605 CTG GTG GCA CCT GAG GGT CGG CCC ATG CGC CAC GAG GAC TGG ACC AAC 1872 Leu Val Ala Pro Glu Gly Arg Pro Met Arg His Glu Asp Trp Thr Asn     610                 615                 620 CCG GAG CTG ACG GCC TTC GGA CTG CTG CTG CAC GGC GAC GCC ATT CAG 1920 Pro Glu Leu Thr Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu His Gly Asp Ala Ile Gln 625                 630                 635                 640 GGG ACC GAC GAG CAC GGA CGA CCG TTT CGC GAC GAC ACG TTT CTG ATT 1968 Gly Thr Asp Glu His Gly Arg Pro Phe Arg Asp Asp Thr Phe Leu Ile                 645                 650                 655 CTG TTC AAC AAC GGC AGC GAA GCC GTG CCG GTC GTG GTG CCG GAG GTA 2016 Leu Phe Asn Asn Gly Ser Glu Ala Val Pro Val Val Val Pro Glu Val             660                 665                 670 TGC TCC TGT GGC AAG CCG CAC CAC TGG GAG GTG GTC CCG GTG TTT CAA 2064 Cys Ser Cys Gly Lys Pro His His Trp Glu Val Val Pro Val Phe Gln         675                 680                 685 CGC AAT GTG GAG CCC CCC ACG TGC GCG CCC GGC GAG ACG CTG TCG CTC 2112 Arg Asn Val Glu Pro Pro Thr Cys Ala Pro Gly Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu     690                 695                 700 CCG CCC GGC GTG CTG ACG GTG CTG GTG GCC GTA CCG CCG TTC TCG GAT 2160 Pro Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Pro Pro Phe Ser Asp 705                 710                 715                 720 GGA AAC ACG GAG CCG GCC TGA 2181 Gly Asn Thr Glu Pro Ala *                 725

[0235]

1 14 1 862 PRT bacillus acid opullulyticus 1 Val Ser Leu Ile Arg Ser Arg Tyr Asn His Phe Val Ile Leu Phe Thr 1 5 10 15 Val Ala Ile Met Phe Leu Thr Val Cys Phe Pro Ala Tyr Lys Ala Leu 20 25 30 Ala Asp Ser Thr Ser Thr Glu Val Ile Val His Tyr His Arg Phe Asp 35 40 45 Ser Asn Tyr Ala Asn Trp Asp Leu Trp Met Trp Pro Tyr Gln Pro Val 50 55 60 Asn Gly Asn Gly Ala Ala Tyr Glu Phe Ser Gly Lys Asp Asp Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Val Lys Ala Asp Val Gln Val Pro Gly Asp Asp Thr Gln Val Gly Leu 85 90 95 Ile Val Arg Thr Asn Asp Trp Ser Gln Lys Asn Thr Ser Asp Asp Leu 100 105 110 His Ile Asp Leu Thr Lys Gly His Glu Ile Trp Ile Val Gln Gly Asp 115 120 125 Pro Asn Ile Tyr Tyr Asn Leu Ser Asp Ala Gln Ala Ala Ala Thr Pro 130 135 140 Lys Val Ser Asn Ala Tyr Leu Asp Asn Glu Lys Thr Val Leu Ala Lys 145 150 155 160 Leu Thr Asn Pro Met Thr Leu Ser Asp Gly Ser Ser Gly Phe Thr Val 165 170 175 Thr Asp Lys Thr Thr Gly Glu Gln Ile Pro Val Thr Ala Ala Thr Asn 180 185 190 Ala Asn Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Glu Gln Thr Asp Leu Val Gln Leu Thr 195 200 205 Leu Ala Ser Ala Pro Asp Val Ser His Thr Ile Gln Val Gly Ala Ala 210 215 220 Gly Tyr Glu Ala Val Asn Leu Ile Pro Arg Asn Val Leu Asn Leu Pro 225 230 235 240 Arg Tyr Tyr Tyr Ser Gly Asn Asp Leu Gly Asn Val Tyr Ser Asn Lys 245 250 255 Ala Thr Ala Phe Arg Val Trp Ala Pro Thr Ala Ser Asp Val Gln Leu 260 265 270 Leu Leu Tyr Asn Ser Glu Thr Gly Pro Val Thr Lys Gln Leu Glu Met 275 280 285 Gln Lys Ser Asp Asn Gly Thr Trp Lys Leu Lys Val Pro Gly Asn Leu 290 295 300 Lys Asn Trp Tyr Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Val Thr Val Asn Gly Lys Thr Gln 305 310 315 320 Thr Ala Val Asp Pro Tyr Val Arg Ala Ile Ser Val Asn Ala Thr Arg 325 330 335 Gly Met Ile Val Asp Leu Glu Asp Thr Asn Pro Pro Gly Trp Lys Glu 340 345 350 Asp His Gln Gln Thr Pro Ala Asn Pro Val Asp Glu Val Ile Tyr Glu 355 360 365 Val His Val Arg Asp Phe Ser Ile Asp Ala Asn Ser Gly Met Lys Asn 370 375 380 Lys Gly Lys Tyr Leu Ala Phe Thr Glu His Gly Thr Lys Gly Pro Asp 385 390 395 400 Asn Val Lys Thr Gly Ile Asp Ser Leu Lys Glu Leu Gly Ile Asn Ala 405 410 415 Val Gln Leu Gln Pro Ile Glu Glu Phe Asn Ser Ile Asp Glu Thr Gln 420 425 430 Pro Asn Met Tyr Asn Trp Gly Tyr Asp Pro Arg Asn Tyr Asn Val Pro 435 440 445 Glu Gly Ala Tyr Ala Thr Thr Pro Glu Gly Thr Ala Arg Ile Thr Gln 450 455 460 Leu Lys Gln Leu Ile Gln Ser Ile His Lys Asp Arg Ile Ala Ile Asn 465 470 475 480 Met Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr Phe Asn Val Gly Val Ser Asp Phe 485 490 495 Asp Lys Ile Val Pro Gln Tyr Tyr Tyr Arg Thr Asp Ser Ala Gly Asn 500 505 510 Tyr Thr Asn Gly Ser Gly Val Gly Asn Glu Ile Ala Thr Glu Arg Pro 515 520 525 Met Val Gln Lys Phe Val Leu Asp Ser Val Lys Tyr Trp Val Lys Glu 530 535 540 Tyr His Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Met Ala Leu Leu Gly Lys 545 550 555 560 Asp Thr Met Ala Lys Ile Ser Lys Glu Leu His Ala Ile Asn Pro Gly 565 570 575 Ile Val Leu Tyr Gly Glu Pro Trp Thr Gly Gly Thr Ser Gly Leu Ser 580 585 590 Ser Asp Gln Leu Val Thr Lys Gly Gln Gln Lys Gly Leu Gly Ile Gly 595 600 605 Val Phe Asn Asp Asn Ile Arg Asn Gly Leu Asp Gly Asn Val Phe Asp 610 615 620 Lys Ser Ala Gln Gly Phe Ala Thr Gly Asp Pro Asn Gln Val Asn Val 625 630 635 640 Ile Lys Asn Arg Val Met Gly Ser Ile Ser Asp Phe Thr Ser Ala Pro 645 650 655 Ser Glu Thr Ile Asn Tyr Val Thr Ser His Asp Asn Met Thr Leu Trp 660 665 670 Asp Lys Ile Ser Ala Ser Asn Pro Asn Asp Thr Gln Ala Asp Arg Ile 675 680 685 Lys Met Asp Glu Leu Ala Gln Ala Val Val Phe Thr Ser Gln Gly Val 690 695 700 Pro Phe Met Gln Gly Gly Glu Glu Met Leu Arg Thr Lys Gly Gly Asn 705 710 715 720 Asp Asn Ser Tyr Asn Ala Gly Asp Ser Val Asn Gln Phe Asp Trp Ser 725 730 735 Arg Lys Ala Gln Phe Glu Asn Val Phe Asp Tyr Tyr Ser Trp Leu Ile 740 745 750 His Leu Arg Asp Asn His Pro Ala Phe Arg Met Thr Thr Ala Asp Gln 755 760 765 Ile Lys Gln Asn Leu Thr Phe Leu Asp Ser Pro Thr Asn Thr Val Ala 770 775 780 Phe Glu Leu Lys Asn His Ala Asn His Asp Lys Trp Lys Asn Ile Ile 785 790 795 800 Val Met Tyr Asn Pro Asn Lys Thr Ala Gln Thr Leu Thr Leu Pro Ser 805 810 815 Gly Asn Trp Thr Ile Val Gly Leu Gly Asn Gln Val Gly Glu Lys Ser 820 825 830 Leu Gly His Val Asn Gly Thr Val Glu Val Pro Ala Leu Ser Thr Ile 835 840 845 Ile Leu His Gln Gly Thr Ser Glu Asp Val Ile Asp Gln Asn 850 855 860 2 915 PRT Bacillus deramificans PEPTIDE (1)..(915) Pullulanase 2 Asp Gly Asn Thr Thr Thr Ile Ile Val His Tyr Phe Arg Pro Ala Gly 1 5 10 15 Asp Tyr Gln Pro Trp Ser Leu Trp Met Trp Pro Lys Asp Gly Gly Gly 20 25 30 Ala Glu Tyr Asp Phe Asn Gln Pro Ala Asp Ser Phe Gly Ala Val Ala 35 40 45 Ser Ala Asp Ile Pro Gly Asn Pro Ser Gln Val Gly Ile Ile Val Arg 50 55 60 Thr Gln Asp Trp Thr Lys Asp Val Ser Ala Asp Arg Tyr Ile Asp Leu 65 70 75 80 Ser Lys Gly Asn Glu Val Trp Leu Val Glu Gly Asn Ser Gln Ile Phe 85 90 95 Tyr Asn Glu Lys Asp Ala Glu Asp Ala Ala Lys Pro Ala Val Ser Asn 100 105 110 Ala Tyr Leu Asp Ala Ser Asn Gln Val Leu Val Lys Leu Ser Gln Pro 115 120 125 Leu Thr Leu Gly Glu Gly Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Val His Asp Asp Thr 130 135 140 Ala Asn Lys Asp Ile Pro Val Thr Ser Val Lys Asp Ala Ser Leu Gly 145 150 155 160 Gln Asp Val Thr Ala Val Leu Ala Gly Thr Phe Gln His Ile Phe Gly 165 170 175 Gly Ser Asp Trp Ala Pro Asp Asn His Ser Thr Leu Leu Lys Lys Val 180 185 190 Thr Asn Asn Leu Tyr Gln Phe Ser Gly Asp Leu Pro Glu Gly Asn Tyr 195 200 205 Gln Tyr Lys Val Ala Met Ser His Ser Ala Gln Pro Val Thr Ser Val 210 215 220 Gln Ala Val Trp Pro Gly Arg Pro Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ala Thr Trp Asp 225 230 235 240 Gly Leu Gly Val Asn Phe Ala Leu Tyr Ser Glu Ser Gly Val Lys Thr 245 250 255 Asp Leu Val Thr Val Thr Leu Gly Glu Asp Pro Asp Val Ser His Thr 260 265 270 Leu Ser Ile Gln Thr Asp Gly Tyr Gln Ala Lys Gln Val Ile Pro Arg 275 280 285 Asn Val Leu Asn Ser Ser Gln Tyr Tyr Tyr Ser Gly Asp Asp Leu Gly 290 295 300 Asn Thr Tyr Thr Gln Lys Ala Thr Thr Phe Lys Val Trp Ala Pro Thr 305 310 315 320 Ser Thr Gln Val Asn Val Leu Leu Tyr Asp Ser Ala Thr Gly Ser Val 325 330 335 Thr Lys Ile Val Pro Met Thr Ala Ser Gly His Gly Val Trp Glu Ala 340 345 350 Thr Val Asn Gln Asn Leu Glu Asn Trp Tyr Tyr Met Tyr Glu Val Thr 355 360 365 Gly Gln Gly Ser Thr Arg Thr Ala Val Asp Pro Tyr Ala Thr Ala Ile 370 375 380 Ala Pro Asn Gly Thr Arg Gly Met Ile Val Asp Leu Ala Lys Thr Asp 385 390 395 400 Pro Ala Gly Trp Asn Ser Asp Lys His Ile Thr Pro Lys Asn Ile Glu 405 410 415 Asp Glu Val Ile Tyr Glu Met Asp Val Arg Asp Phe Ser Ile Asp Pro 420 425 430 Asn Ser Gly Met Lys Asn Lys Gly Lys Tyr Leu Ala Leu Thr Glu Lys 435 440 445 Gly Thr Lys Gly Pro Asp Asn Val Lys Thr Gly Ile Asp Ser Leu Lys 450 455 460 Gln Leu Gly Ile Thr His Val Gln Leu Met Pro Val Phe Ala Ser Asn 465 470 475 480 Ser Val Asp Glu Thr Asp Pro Thr Gln Asp Asn Trp Gly Tyr Asp Pro 485 490 495 Arg Asn Tyr Asp Val Pro Glu Gly Gln Tyr Ala Thr Asn Ala Asn Gly 500 505 510 Asn Ala Arg Ile Lys Glu Phe Lys Glu Met Val Leu Ser Leu His Arg 515 520 525 Glu His Ile Gly Val Asn Met Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr Phe Ala 530 535 540 Thr Gln Ile Ser Asp Phe Asp Lys Ile Val Pro Glu Tyr Tyr Tyr Arg 545 550 555 560 Thr Asp Asp Ala Gly Asn Tyr Thr Asn Gly Ser Gly Thr Gly Asn Glu 565 570 575 Ile Ala Ala Glu Arg Pro Met Val Gln Lys Phe Ile Ile Asp Ser Leu 580 585 590 Lys Tyr Trp Val Asn Glu Tyr His Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu 595 600 605 Met Ala Leu Leu Gly Lys Asp Thr Met Ser Lys Ala Ala Ser Glu Leu 610 615 620 His Ala Ile Asn Pro Gly Ile Ala Leu Tyr Gly Glu Pro Trp Thr Gly 625 630 635 640 Gly Thr Ser Ala Leu Pro Asp Asp Gln Leu Leu Thr Lys Gly Ala Gln 645 650 655 Lys Gly Met Gly Val Ala Val Phe Asn Asp Asn Leu Arg Asn Ala Leu 660 665 670 Asp Gly Asn Val Phe Asp Ser Ser Ala Gln Gly Phe Ala Thr Gly Ala 675 680 685 Thr Gly Leu Thr Asp Ala Ile Lys Asn Gly Val Glu Gly Ser Ile Asn 690 695 700 Asp Phe Thr Ser Ser Pro Gly Glu Thr Ile Asn Tyr Val Thr Ser His 705 710 715 720 Asp Asn Tyr Thr Leu Trp Asp Lys Ile Ala Leu Ser Asn Pro Asn Asp 725 730 735 Ser Glu Ala Asp Arg Ile Lys Met Asp Glu Leu Ala Gln Ala Val Val 740 745 750 Met Thr Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Phe Met Gln Gly Gly Glu Glu Met Leu 755 760 765 Arg Thr Lys Gly Gly Asn Asp Asn Ser Tyr Asn Ala Gly Asp Ala Val 770 775 780 Asn Glu Phe Asp Trp Ser Arg Lys Ala Gln Tyr Pro Asp Val Phe Asn 785 790 795 800 Tyr Tyr Ser Gly Leu Ile His Leu Arg Leu Asp His Pro Ala Phe Arg 805 810 815 Met Thr Thr Ala Asn Glu Ile Asn Ser His Leu Gln Phe Leu Asn Ser 820 825 830 Pro Glu Asn Thr Val Ala Tyr Glu Leu Thr Asp His Val Asn Lys Asp 835 840 845 Lys Trp Gly Asn Ile Ile Val Val Tyr Asn Pro Asn Lys Thr Val Ala 850 855 860 Thr Ile Asn Leu Pro Ser Gly Lys Trp Ala Ile Asn Ala Thr Ser Gly 865 870 875 880 Lys Val Gly Glu Ser Thr Leu Gly Gln Ala Glu Gly Ser Val Gln Val 885 890 895 Pro Gly Ile Ser Met Met Ile Leu His Gln Glu Val Ser Pro Asp His 900 905 910 Gly Lys Lys 915 3 726 PRT Rhodotermus marinus PEPTIDE (1)..(726) Isoamylase 3 Met Ser His Ser Ala Gln Pro Val Thr Ser Val Gln Ala Val Trp Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg Pro Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ala Thr Trp Asp Gly Leu Gly Val Asn 20 25 30 Phe Ala Leu Tyr Ser Gln His Ala Glu Ala Val Glu Leu Val Leu Phe 35 40 45 Asp His Pro Asp Asp Pro Ala Pro Ser Arg Thr Ile Glu Val Thr Glu 50 55 60 Arg Thr Gly Pro Ile Trp His Val Tyr Leu Pro Gly Leu Arg Pro Gly 65 70 75 80 Gln Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Arg Val Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Arg Pro Glu Glu Gly 85 90 95 His Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn Lys Val Leu Leu Asp Pro Tyr Ala Lys Ala 100 105 110 Ile Gly Arg Pro Leu Arg Trp His Asp Ser Leu Phe Gly Tyr Lys Ile 115 120 125 Gly Asp Pro Ala Gly Asp Leu Ser Phe Ser Glu Glu Asp Ser Ala Pro 130 135 140 Tyr Ala Pro Leu Gly Ala Val Val Glu Gly Cys Phe Glu Trp Gly Asp 145 150 155 160 Asp Arg Pro Pro Arg Ile Pro Trp Glu Asp Thr Ile Ile Tyr Glu Thr 165 170 175 His Val Lys Gly Ile Thr Lys Leu His Pro Glu Val Pro Glu Pro Leu 180 185 190 Arg Gly Thr Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Cys Glu Pro Val Leu Glu His Leu 195 200 205 Lys Gln Leu Gly Val Thr Thr Ile Gln Leu Leu Pro Val His Ala Lys 210 215 220 Val His Asp Arg His Leu Val Glu Arg Gly Leu Arg Asn Tyr Trp Gly 225 230 235 240 Tyr Asn Pro Leu Cys Tyr Phe Ala Pro Glu Pro Glu Tyr Ala Thr Asn 245 250 255 Gly Pro Ile Ser Ala Val Arg Glu Phe Lys Met Met Val Arg Ala Leu 260 265 270 His Ala Ala Gly Phe Glu Val Ile Val Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr 275 280 285 Gly Glu Gly Gly Val Leu Gly Pro Thr Leu Ser Phe Arg Gly Ile Asp 290 295 300 Asn Arg Ala Tyr Tyr Lys Ala Asp Pro Asn Asn Pro Arg Phe Leu Val 305 310 315 320 Asp Tyr Thr Gly Thr Gly Asn Thr Leu Asp Val Gly Asn Pro Tyr Val 325 330 335 Ile Gln Leu Ile Met Asp Ser Leu Arg Tyr Trp Val Thr Glu Met His 340 345 350 Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Arg Glu Leu 355 360 365 Tyr Asp Val Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Phe Phe Gln Val Ile Gln Gln Asp 370 375 380 Pro Val Leu Ser Gln Val Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Pro Trp Asp Val Gly 385 390 395 400 Pro Gly Gly Tyr Gln Val Gly His Phe Pro Trp Gln Trp Thr Glu Trp 405 410 415 Asn Gly Arg Tyr Arg Asp Ala Val Arg Arg Phe Trp Arg Gly Asp Arg 420 425 430 Gly Leu Asn Gly Glu Phe Ala Thr Arg Phe Ala Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu 435 440 445 Tyr Glu Arg Ser Gly Arg Arg Pro Phe Ala Ser Ile Asn Phe Val Thr 450 455 460 Ala His Asp Gly Phe Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Val Ser Tyr Thr Lys Lys 465 470 475 480 His Asn Glu Ala Asn Leu Glu Gly Asn Arg Asp Gly Met Asp Glu Asn 485 490 495 Tyr Ser Thr Asn Cys Gly Val Glu Gly Pro Thr Gln Asp Pro Ser Val 500 505 510 Leu Ala Cys Arg Glu Ala Leu Lys Arg Ser Leu Ile Ser Thr Leu Phe 515 520 525 Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Met Leu Leu Gly Gly Asp Glu Leu Ser Arg 530 535 540 Thr Gln His Gly Asn Asn Asn Ala Tyr Cys Gln Asp Asn Glu Ile Ser 545 550 555 560 Trp Tyr Asn Trp Gln Leu Asp Thr Arg Lys Gln Gln Phe Leu Glu Phe 565 570 575 Val Arg Gln Thr Ile Trp Phe Arg Lys Gln His Arg Ser Phe Arg Arg 580 585 590 Arg His Phe Leu Thr Gly Leu Pro Asn Gly Gly Arg Pro Arg Arg Ser 595 600 605 Leu Val Ala Pro Glu Gly Arg Pro Met Arg His Glu Asp Trp Thr Asn 610 615 620 Pro Glu Leu Thr Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu His Gly Asp Ala Ile Gln 625 630 635 640 Gly Thr Asp Glu His Gly Arg Pro Phe Arg Asp Asp Thr Phe Leu Ile 645 650 655 Leu Phe Asn Asn Gly Ser Glu Ala Val Pro Val Val Val Pro Glu Val 660 665 670 Cys Ser Cys Gly Lys Pro His His Trp Glu Val Val Pro Val Phe Gln 675 680 685 Arg Asn Val Glu Pro Pro Thr Cys Ala Pro Gly Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu 690 695 700 Pro Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Pro Pro Phe Ser Asp 705 710 715 720 Gly Asn Thr Glu Pro Ala 725 4 776 PRT Pseudomonas amyloderamosa PEPTIDE (1)..(776) Isoamylase 4 Met Lys Cys Pro Lys Ile Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Gly Cys Ala Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Ala Gly Val Pro Ala Met Pro Ala His Ala Ala Ile Asn Ser Met Ser 20 25 30 Leu Gly Ala Ser Tyr Asp Ala Gln Gln Ala Asn Ile Thr Phe Arg Val 35 40 45 Tyr Ser Ser Gln Ala Thr Arg Ile Val Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Ser Ala Gly 50 55 60 Tyr Gly Val Gln Glu Ser Ala Thr Tyr Thr Leu Ser Pro Ala Gly Ser 65 70 75 80 Gly Val Trp Ala Val Thr Val Pro Val Ser Ser Ile Lys Ala Ala Gly 85 90 95 Ile Thr Gly Ala Val Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Arg Ala Trp Gly Pro Asn Trp 100 105 110 Pro Tyr Ala Ser Asn Trp Gly Lys Gly Ser Gln Ala Gly Phe Val Ser 115 120 125 Asp Val Asp Ala Asn Gly Asp Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn Lys Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140 Asp Pro Tyr Ala Gln Glu Val Ser Gln Asp Pro Leu Asn Pro Ser Asn 145 150 155 160 Gln Asn Gly Asn Val Phe Ala Ser Gly Ala Ser Tyr Arg Thr Thr Asp 165 170 175 Ser Gly Ile Tyr Ala Pro Lys Gly Val Val Leu Val Pro Ser Thr Gln 180 185 190 Ser Thr Gly Thr Lys Pro Thr Arg Ala Gln Lys Asp Asp Val Ile Tyr 195 200 205 Glu Val His Val Arg Gly Phe Thr Glu Gln Asp Thr Ser Ile Pro Ala 210 215 220 Gln Tyr Arg Gly Thr Tyr Tyr Gly Ala Gly Leu Lys Ala Ser Tyr Leu 225 230 235 240 Ala Ser Leu Gly Val Thr Ala Val Glu Phe Leu Pro Val Gln Glu Thr 245 250 255 Gln Asn Asp Ala Asn Asp Val Val Pro Asn Ser Asp Ala Asn Gln Asn 260 265 270 Tyr Trp Gly Tyr Met Thr Glu Asn Tyr Phe Ser Pro Asp Arg Arg Tyr 275 280 285 Ala Tyr Asn Lys Ala Ala Gly Gly Pro Thr Ala Glu Phe Gln Ala Met 290 295 300 Val Gln Ala Phe His Asn Ala Gly Ile Lys Val Tyr Met Asp Val Val 305 310 315 320 Tyr Asn His Thr Ala Glu Gly Gly Thr Trp Thr Ser Ser Asp Pro Thr 325 330 335 Thr Ala Thr Ile Tyr Ser Trp Arg Gly Leu Asp Asn Ala Thr Tyr Tyr 340 345 350 Glu Leu Thr Ser Gly Asn Gln Tyr Phe Tyr Asp Asn Thr Gly Ile Gly 355 360 365 Ala Asn Phe Asn Thr Tyr Asn Thr Val Ala Gln Asn Leu Ile Val Asp 370 375 380 Ser Leu Ala Tyr Trp Ala Asn Thr Met Gly Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe 385 390 395 400 Asp Leu Ala Ser Val Leu Gly Asn Ser Cys Leu Asn Gly Ala Tyr Thr 405 410 415 Ala Ser Ala Pro Asn Cys Pro Asn Gly Gly Tyr Asn Phe Asp Ala Ala 420 425 430 Asp Ser Asn Val Ala Ile Asn Arg Ile Leu Arg Glu Phe Thr Val Arg 435 440 445 Pro Ala Ala Gly Gly Ser Gly Leu Asp Leu Phe Ala Glu Pro Trp Ala 450 455 460 Ile Gly Gly Asn Ser Tyr Gln Leu Gly Gly Phe Pro Gln Gly Trp Ser 465 470 475 480 Glu Trp Asn Gly Leu Phe Arg Asp Ser Leu Arg Gln Ala Gln Asn Glu 485 490 495 Leu Gly Ser Met Thr Ile Tyr Val Ile Gln Asp Ala Asn Asp Phe Ser 500 505 510 Gly Ser Ser Asn Leu Phe Gln Ser Ser Gly Arg Ser Pro Trp Asn Ser 515 520 525 Ile Asn Phe Ile Asp Val His Asp Gly Met Thr Leu Lys Asp Val Tyr 530 535 540 Ser Cys Asn Gly Ala Asn Asn Ser Gln Ala Trp Pro Tyr Gly Pro Ser 545 550 555 560 Asp Gly Gly Thr Ser Thr Asn Tyr Ser Trp Asp Gln Gly Met Ser Ala 565 570 575 Gly Thr Gly Ala Ala Val Asp Gln Arg Arg Ala Ala Arg Thr Gly Met 580 585 590 Ala Phe Glu Met Leu Ser Ala Gly Thr Pro Leu Met Gln Gly Gly Asp 595 600 605 Glu Tyr Leu Arg Thr Leu Gln Cys Asn Asn Asn Ala Tyr Asn Leu Asp 610 615 620 Ser Ser Ala Asn Trp Leu Thr Tyr Ser Trp Thr Thr Asp Gln Ser Asn 625 630 635 640 Phe Tyr Thr Phe Ala Gln Arg Leu Ile Ala Phe Arg Lys Ala His Pro 645 650 655 Ala Leu Arg Pro Ser Ser Trp Tyr Ser Gly Ser Gln Leu Thr Trp Tyr 660 665 670 Gln Pro Ser Gly Ala Val Ala Asp Ser Asn Tyr Trp Asn Asn Thr Ser 675 680 685 Asn Tyr Ala Ile Ala Tyr Ala Ile Asn Gly Pro Ser Leu Gly Asp Ser 690 695 700 Asn Ser Ile Tyr Val Ala Tyr Asn Gly Trp Ser Ser Ser Val Thr Phe 705 710 715 720 Thr Leu Pro Ala Pro Pro Ser Gly Thr Gln Trp Tyr Arg Val Thr Asp 725 730 735 Thr Cys Asp Trp Asn Asp Gly Ala Ser Thr Phe Val Ala Pro Gly Ser 740 745 750 Glu Thr Leu Ile Gly Gly Ala Gly Thr Thr Tyr Gly Gln Cys Gly Gln 755 760 765 Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ser Lys 770 775 5 1090 PRT Klebsiella pneumoniae PEPTIDE (1)..(1090) pullulanase 5 Met Leu Arg Tyr Thr Arg Asn Ala Leu Val Leu Gly Ser Leu Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Gly Cys Asp Asn Gly Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Gly Asn Pro 20 25 30 Asp Thr Pro Asp Asn Gln Asp Val Val Val Arg Leu Pro Asp Val Ala 35 40 45 Val Pro Gly Glu Ala Val Thr Ala Val Glu Asn Gln Ala Val Ile His 50 55 60 Leu Val Asp Ile Ala Gly Ile Thr Ser Ser Ser Ala Ala Asp Tyr Ser 65 70 75 80 Ser Lys Asn Leu Tyr Leu Trp Asn Asn Glu Thr Cys Asp Ala Leu Ser 85 90 95 Ala Pro Val Ala Asp Trp Asn Asp Val Ser Thr Thr Pro Ser Gly Ser 100 105 110 Asp Lys Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Trp Val Ile Pro Leu Asn Lys Glu Ser Gly 115 120 125 Cys Ile Asn Val Ile Val Arg Asp Gly Thr Asp Lys Leu Ile Asp Ser 130 135 140 Asp Leu Arg Val Ala Phe Gly Asp Phe Thr Asp Arg Thr Val Ser Val 145 150 155 160 Ile Ala Gly Asn Ser Ala Val Tyr Asp Ser Arg Ala Asp Ala Phe Arg 165 170 175 Ala Ala Phe Gly Val Ala Leu Ala Glu Ala His Trp Val Asp Lys Asn 180 185 190 Thr Leu Leu Trp Pro Gly Gly Gln Asp Lys Pro Ile Val Arg Leu Tyr 195 200 205 Tyr Ser His Ser Ser Lys Val Ala Ala Asp Gly Glu Gly Lys Phe Thr 210 215 220 Asp Arg Tyr Leu Lys Leu Thr Pro Thr Thr Val Ser Gln Gln Val Ser 225 230 235 240 Met Arg Phe Pro His Leu Ser Ser Tyr Ala Ala Phe Lys Leu Pro Asp 245 250 255 Asn Ala Asn Val Asp Glu Leu Leu Gln Gly Glu Thr Val Ala Ile Ala 260 265 270 Ala Ala Glu Asp Gly Ile Leu Ile Ser Ala Thr Gln Val Gln Thr Ala 275 280 285 Gly Val Leu Asp Asp Ala Tyr Ala Glu Ala Ala Glu Ala Leu Ser Tyr 290 295 300 Gly Ala Gln Leu Ala Asp Gly Gly Val Thr Phe Arg Val Trp Ala Pro 305 310 315 320 Thr Ala Gln Gln Val Asp Val Val Val Tyr Ser Ala Asp Lys Lys Val 325 330 335 Ile Gly Ser His Pro Met Thr Arg Asp Ser Ala Ser Gly Ala Trp Ser 340 345 350 Trp Gln Gly Gly Ser Asp Leu Lys Gly Ala Phe Tyr Arg Tyr Ala Met 355 360 365 Thr Val Tyr His Pro Gln Ser Arg Lys Val Glu Gln Tyr Glu Val Thr 370 375 380 Asp Pro Tyr Ala His Ser Leu Ser Thr Asn Ser Glu Tyr Ser Gln Val 385 390 395 400 Val Asp Leu Asn Asp Ser Ala Leu Lys Pro Asp Gly Trp Asp Asn Leu 405 410 415 Thr Met Pro His Ala Gln Lys Thr Lys Ala Asp Leu Ala Lys Met Thr 420 425 430 Ile His Glu Ser His Ile Arg Asp Leu Ser Ala Trp Asp Gln Thr Val 435 440 445 Pro Ala Glu Leu Arg Gly Lys Tyr Leu Ala Leu Thr Ala Gly Asp Ser 450 455 460 Asn Met Val Gln His Leu Lys Thr Leu Ser Ala Ser Gly Val Thr His 465 470 475 480 Val Glu Leu Leu Pro Val Phe Asp Leu Ala Thr Val Asn Glu Phe Ser 485 490 495 Asp Lys Val Ala Asp Ile Gln Gln Pro Phe Ser Arg Leu Cys Glu Val 500 505 510 Asn Ser Ala Val Lys Ser Ser Glu Phe Ala Gly Tyr Cys Asp Ser Gly 515 520 525 Ser Thr Val Glu Glu Val Leu Asn Gln Leu Lys Gln Ser Asp Ser Gln 530 535 540 Asp Asn Pro Gln Val Gln Ala Leu Asn Thr Leu Val Ala Gln Thr Asp 545 550 555 560 Ser Tyr Asn Trp Gly Tyr Asp Pro Phe His Tyr Thr Val Pro Glu Gly 565 570 575 Ser Tyr Ala Thr Asp Pro Glu Gly Thr Thr Arg Ile Lys Glu Phe Arg 580 585 590 Thr Met Ile Gln Ala Ile Lys Gln Asp Leu Gly Met Asn Val Ile Met 595 600 605 Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr Asn Ala Ala Gly Pro Thr Asp Arg Thr 610 615 620 Ser Val Leu Asp Lys Ile Val Pro Trp Tyr Tyr Gln Arg Leu Asn Glu 625 630 635 640 Thr Thr Gly Ser Val Glu Ser Ala Thr Cys Cys Ser Asp Ser Ala Pro 645 650 655 Glu His Arg Met Phe Ala Lys Leu Ile Ala Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Trp 660 665 670 Thr Thr Asp Tyr Lys Ile Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Met Gly Tyr 675 680 685 His Pro Lys Ala Gln Ile Leu Ser Ala Trp Glu Arg Ile Lys Ala Leu 690 695 700 Asn Pro Asp Ile Tyr Phe Phe Gly Glu Gly Trp Asp Ser Asn Gln Ser 705 710 715 720 Asp Arg Phe Glu Ile Ala Ser Gln Ile Asn Leu Lys Gly Thr Gly Ile 725 730 735 Gly Thr Phe Ser Asp Arg Leu Arg Asp Ser Val Arg Gly Gly Gly Pro 740 745 750 Phe Asp Ser Gly Asp Ala Leu Arg Gln Asn Gln Gly Ile Gly Ser Gly 755 760 765 Ala Gly Val Leu Pro Asn Glu Leu Ala Ser Leu Ser Asp Asp Gln Val 770 775 780 Arg His Leu Ala Asp Leu Thr Arg Leu Gly Met Ala Gly Asn Leu Ala 785 790 795 800 Asp Phe Val Met Ile Asp Lys Asp Gly Ala Ala Lys Lys Gly Ser Glu 805 810 815 Ile Asp Tyr Asn Gly Ala Pro Gly Gly Tyr Ala Ala Asp Pro Thr Glu 820 825 830 Val Val Asn Tyr Val Ser Lys His Asp Asn Gln Thr Leu Trp Asp Met 835 840 845 Ile Ser Tyr Lys Ala Ser Gln Glu Ala Asp Leu Ala Thr Arg Val Arg 850 855 860 Met Gln Ala Val Ser Leu Ala Thr Val Met Leu Gly Gln Gly Ile Ala 865 870 875 880 Phe Asp Gln Gln Gly Ser Glu Leu Leu Arg Ser Lys Ser Phe Thr Arg 885 890 895 Asp Ser Tyr Asp Ser Gly Asp Trp Phe Asn Arg Val Asp Tyr Ser Leu 900 905 910 Gln Asp Asn Asn Tyr Asn Val Gly Met Pro Arg Ile Ser Asp Asp Gly 915 920 925 Ser Asn Tyr Glu Val Ile Thr Arg Val Lys Glu Met Val Ala Thr Pro 930 935 940 Gly Glu Ala Glu Leu Lys Gln Met Thr Ala Phe Tyr Gln Glu Leu Thr 945 950 955 960 Glu Leu Arg Lys Ser Ser Pro Leu Phe Thr Leu Gly Asp Gly Ser Ala 965 970 975 Val Met Lys Arg Val Asp Phe Arg Asn Thr Gly Ser Asp Gln Gln Ala 980 985 990 Gly Leu Leu Val Met Thr Val Asp Asp Gly Met Lys Ala Gly Ala Ser 995 1000 1005 Leu Asp Ser Arg Leu Asp Gly Leu Val Val Ala Ile Asn Ala Ala Pro 1010 1015 1020 Glu Ser Arg Thr Leu Asn Glu Phe Ala Gly Glu Thr Leu Gln Leu Ser 1025 1030 1035 1040 Ala Ile Gln Gln Thr Ala Gly Glu Asn Ser Leu Ala Asn Gly Val Gln 1045 1050 1055 Ile Ala Ala Asp Gly Thr Val Thr Leu Pro Ala Trp Ser Val Ala Val 1060 1065 1070 Leu Glu Leu Pro Gln Gly Glu Ala Gln Gly Ala Gly Leu Pro Val Ser 1075 1080 1085 Ser Lys 1090 6 1096 PRT Klebsiella aerogenes PEPTIDE (1)..(1096) Pullulanase 6 Met Leu Arg Tyr Thr Cys His Ala Leu Phe Leu Gly Ser Leu Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Gly Cys Asp Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Ser Gly Ser Pro 20 25 30 Gly Ser Pro Gly Asn Pro Gly Asn Pro Gly Thr Pro Gly Thr Pro Asp 35 40 45 Pro Gln Asp Val Val Val Arg Leu Pro Asp Val Ala Val Pro Gly Glu 50 55 60 Ala Val Gln Ala Ser Ala Arg Gln Ala Val Ile His Leu Val Asp Ile 65 70 75 80 Ala Gly Ile Thr Ser Ser Thr Pro Ala Asp Tyr Ala Thr Lys Asn Leu 85 90 95 Tyr Leu Trp Asn Asn Glu Thr Cys Asp Ala Leu Ser Ala Pro Val Ala 100 105 110 Asp Trp Asn Asp Val Ser Thr Thr Pro Thr Gly Ser Asp Lys Tyr Gly 115 120 125 Pro Tyr Trp Val Ile Pro Leu Thr Lys Glu Ser Gly Ser Ile Asn Val 130 135 140 Ile Val Arg Asp Gly Thr Asn Lys Leu Ile Asp Ser Gly Arg Val Ser 145 150 155 160 Phe Ser Asp Phe Thr Asp Arg Thr Val Ser Val Ile Ala Gly Asn Ser 165 170 175 Ala Val Tyr Asp Ser Arg Ala Asp Ala Phe Arg Ala Ala Phe Gly Val 180 185 190 Ala Leu Ala Asp Ala His Trp Val Asp Lys Thr Thr Leu Leu Trp Pro 195 200 205 Gly Gly Glu Asn Lys Pro Ile Val Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Ser His Ser Ser 210 215 220 Lys Val Ala Ala Asp Ser Asn Gly Glu Phe Ser Asp Lys Tyr Val Lys 225 230 235 240 Leu Thr Pro Thr Thr Val Asn Gln Gln Val Ser Met Arg Phe Pro His 245 250 255 Leu Ala Ser Tyr Pro Ala Phe Lys Leu Pro Asp Asp Val Asn Val Asp 260 265 270 Glu Leu Leu Gln Gly Asp Asp Gly Gly Ile Ala Glu Ser Asp Gly Ile 275 280 285 Leu Ser Leu Ser His Pro Gly Ala Asp Arg Arg Arg Ala Gly Arg Tyr 290 295 300 Leu Cys Arg Arg Ala Glu Ala Leu Ser Tyr Gly Ala Gln Leu Thr Asp 305 310 315 320 Ser Gly Val Thr Phe Arg Val Trp Ala Pro Thr Ala Gln Gln Val Glu 325 330 335 Leu Val Ile Tyr Ser Ala Asp Lys Lys Val Ile Ala Ser His Pro Met 340 345 350 Thr Arg Asp Ser Ala Ser Gly Ala Trp Ser Trp Gln Gly Gly Ser Asp 355 360 365 Leu Lys Gly Ala Phe Tyr Arg Tyr Ala Met Thr Val Tyr His Pro Gln 370 375 380 Ser Arg Lys Val Glu Gln Tyr Glu Val Thr Asp Pro Tyr Ala His Ser 385 390 395 400 Leu Ser Thr Asn Ser Glu Tyr Ser Gln Val Val Asp Leu Asn Asp Ser 405 410 415 Ala Leu Lys Pro Glu Gly Trp Asp Gly Leu Thr Met Pro His Ala Gln 420 425 430 Lys Thr Lys Ala Asp Leu Ala Lys Met Thr Ile His Glu Ser His Ile 435 440 445 Arg Asp Leu Ser Ala Trp Asp Gln Thr Val Pro Ala Glu Leu Arg Gly 450 455 460 Lys Tyr Leu Ala Leu Thr Ala Gln Glu Ser Asn Met Val Gln His Leu 465 470 475 480 Lys Gln Leu Ser Ala Ser Gly Val Thr His Ile Glu Leu Leu Pro Val 485 490 495 Phe Asp Leu Ala Thr Val Asn Glu Phe Ser Asp Lys Val Ala Asp Ile 500 505 510 Gln Gln Pro Phe Ser Arg Leu Cys Glu Val Asn Ser Ala Val Lys Ser 515 520 525 Ser Glu Phe Ala Gly Tyr Cys Asp Ser Gly Ser Thr Val Glu Glu Val 530 535 540 Leu Thr Gln Leu Lys Gln Asn Asp Ser Lys Asp Asn Pro Gln Val Gln 545 550 555 560 Ala Leu Asn Thr Leu Val Ala Gln Thr Asp Ser Tyr Asn Trp Gly Tyr 565 570 575 Asp Pro Phe His Tyr Thr Val Pro Glu Gly Ser Tyr Ala Thr Asp Pro 580 585 590 Glu Gly Thr Ala Arg Ile Lys Glu Phe Arg Thr Met Ile Gln Ala Ile 595 600 605 Lys Gln Asp Leu Gly Met Asn Val Ile Met Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His 610 615 620 Thr Asn Ala Ala Gly Pro Thr Asp Arg Thr Ser Val Leu Asp Lys Ile 625 630 635 640 Val Pro Trp Tyr Tyr Gln Arg Leu Asn Glu Thr Thr Gly Ser Val Glu 645 650 655 Ser Ala Thr Cys Cys Ser Asp Ser Ala Pro Glu His Arg Met Phe Ala 660 665 670 Lys Leu Ile Ala Asp Ser Leu Ala Val Trp Thr Thr Asp Tyr Lys Ile 675 680 685 Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Met Gly Tyr His Pro Lys Ala Gln Ile 690 695 700 Leu Ser Ala Trp Glu Arg Ile Lys Ala Leu Asn Pro Asp Ile Tyr Phe 705 710 715 720 Phe Gly Glu Gly Trp Asp Ser Asn Gln Ser Asp Arg Phe Glu Ile Ala 725 730 735 Ser Gln Ile Asn Leu Lys Gly Thr Gly Ile Gly Thr Phe Ser Asp Arg 740 745 750 Leu Arg Asp Ala Val Arg Gly Gly Gly Pro Phe Asp Ser Gly Asp Ala 755 760 765 Leu Arg Gln Asn Gln Gly Val Gly Ser Gly Ala Gly Val Leu Pro Asn 770 775 780 Glu Leu Thr Thr Leu Ser Asp Asp Gln Ala Arg His Leu Ala Asp Leu 785 790 795 800 Thr Arg Leu Gly Met Ala Gly Asn Leu Ala Asp Phe Val Leu Ile Asp 805 810 815 Lys Asp Gly Ala Val Lys Arg Gly Ser Glu Ile Asp Tyr Asn Gly Ala 820 825 830 Pro Gly Gly Tyr Ala Ala Asp Pro Thr Glu Val Val Asn Tyr Val Ser 835 840 845 Lys His Asp Asn Gln Thr Leu Trp Asp Met Ile Ser Tyr Lys Ala Ala 850 855 860 Gln Glu Ala Asp Leu Asp Thr Arg Val Arg Met Gln Ala Val Ser Leu 865 870 875 880 Ala Thr Val Met Leu Gly Gln Gly Ile Ala Phe Asp Gln Gln Gly Ser 885 890 895 Glu Leu Leu Arg Ser Lys Ser Phe Thr Arg Asp Ser Tyr Asp Ser Gly 900 905 910 Asp Trp Phe Asn Arg Val Asp Tyr Ser Leu Gln Asp Asn Asn Tyr Asn 915 920 925 Val Gly Met Pro Arg Ser Ser Asp Asp Gly Ser Asn Tyr Asp Ile Ile 930 935 940 Ala Arg Val Lys Asp Ala Val Ala Thr Pro Gly Glu Thr Glu Leu Lys 945 950 955 960 Gln Met Thr Ala Phe Tyr Gln Glu Leu Thr Ala Leu Arg Lys Ser Ser 965 970 975 Pro Leu Phe Thr Leu Gly Asp Gly Ala Thr Val Met Lys Arg Val Asp 980 985 990 Phe Arg Asn Thr Gly Ala Asp Gln Gln Thr Gly Leu Leu Val Met Thr 995 1000 1005 Ile Asp Asp Gly Met Gln Ala Gly Arg Gln Ser Gly Gln Pro Cys Arg 1010 1015 1020 Arg His Arg Gly Gly Asp Gln Arg Arg Ala Gly Lys Pro Asp Ala Ala 1025 1030 1035 1040 Gly Leu Arg Arg His Ile Ala Pro Ala Glu Arg Tyr Ser Ala Gly Gly 1045 1050 1055 Gly Arg Pro Val Ala Gly Glu Arg Val Gln Val Ala Ala Asp Gly Ser 1060 1065 1070 Val Thr Leu Pro Ala Trp Ser Val Ala Val Leu Glu Leu Pro Gln Ala 1075 1080 1085 Ser Arg Arg Ala Leu Ala Cys Arg 1090 1095 7 776 PRT Pseudomonas species SMP1 PEPTIDE (1)..(776) Isoamylase 7 Met Lys Cys Pro Lys Ile Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Gly Cys Ala Val Leu 1 5 10 15 Ala Gly Val Pro Ala Met Pro Ala His Ala Ala Ile Asn Ser Met Ser 20 25 30 Leu Gly Ala Ser Tyr Asp Ala Gln Gln Ala Asn Ile Thr Phe Arg Val 35 40 45 Tyr Ser Ser Gln Ala Thr Arg Ile Val Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Ser Ala Gly 50 55 60 Tyr Gly Val Gln Glu Ser Ala Thr Tyr Thr Leu Ser Pro Ala Gly Ser 65 70 75 80 Gly Val Trp Ala Val Thr Val Pro Val Ser Ser Ile Lys Ala Ala Gly 85 90 95 Ile Thr Gly Ala Val Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Arg Ala Trp Gly Pro Asn Trp 100 105 110 Pro Tyr Ala Ser Asn Trp Gly Lys Gly Ser Gln Ala Gly Phe Val Ser 115 120 125 Asp Val Asp Ala Asn Gly Asp Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn Lys Leu Leu Leu 130 135 140 Asp Pro Tyr Ala Gln Glu Val Ser Gln Asp Pro Leu Asn Pro Ser Asn 145 150 155 160 Gln Asn Gly Asn Val Phe Ala Ser Gly Ala Ser Tyr Arg Thr Thr Asp 165 170 175 Ser Gly Ile Tyr Ala Pro Lys Gly Val Val Leu Val Pro Ser Thr Gln 180 185 190 Ser Thr Gly Thr Lys Pro Thr Arg Ala Gln Lys Asp Asp Val Ile Tyr 195 200 205 Glu Val His Val Arg Gly Phe Thr Glu Gln Asp Thr Ser Ile Pro Ala 210 215 220 Gln Tyr Arg Gly Thr Tyr Tyr Gly Ala Gly Leu Lys Ala Ser Tyr Leu 225 230 235 240 Ala Ser Leu Gly Val Thr Ala Val Glu Phe Leu Pro Val Gln Glu Thr 245 250 255 Gln Asn Asp Ala Asn Asp Val Val Pro Asn Ser Asp Ala Asn Gln Asn 260 265 270 Tyr Trp Gly Tyr Met Thr Glu Asn Tyr Phe Ser Pro Asp Arg Arg Tyr 275 280 285 Ala Tyr Asn Lys Ala Ala Gly Gly Pro Thr Ala Glu Phe Gln Ala Met 290 295 300 Val Gln Ala Phe His Asn Ala Gly Ile Lys Val Tyr Met Asp Val Val 305 310 315 320 Tyr Asn His Thr Ala Glu Gly Gly Thr Trp Thr Ser Ser Asp Pro Thr 325 330 335 Thr Ala Thr Ile Tyr Ser Trp Arg Gly Leu Asp Asn Thr Thr Tyr Tyr 340 345 350 Glu Leu Thr Ser Gly Asn Gln Tyr Phe Tyr Asp Asn Thr Gly Ile Gly 355 360 365 Ala Asn Phe Asn Thr Tyr Asn Thr Val Ala Gln Asn Leu Ile Val Asp 370 375 380 Ser Leu Ala Tyr Trp Ala Asn Thr Met Gly Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe 385 390 395 400 Asp Leu Ala Ser Val Leu Gly Asn Ser Cys Leu Asn Gly Ala Tyr Thr 405 410 415 Ala Ser Ala Pro Asn Cys Pro Asn Gly Gly Tyr Asn Phe Asp Ala Ala 420 425 430 Asp Ser Asn Val Ala Ile Asn Arg Ile Leu Arg Glu Phe Thr Val Arg 435 440 445 Pro Ala Ala Gly Gly Ser Gly Leu Asp Leu Phe Ala Glu Pro Trp Ala 450 455 460 Ile Gly Gly Asn Ser Tyr Gln Leu Gly Gly Phe Pro Gln Gly Trp Ser 465 470 475 480 Glu Trp Asn Gly Leu Phe Arg Asp Ser Leu Arg Gln Ala Gln Asn Glu 485 490 495 Leu Gly Ser Met Thr Ile Tyr Val Thr Gln Asp Ala Asn Asp Phe Ser 500 505 510 Gly Ser Ser Asn Leu Phe Gln Ser Ser Gly Arg Ser Pro Trp Asn Ser 515 520 525 Ile Asn Phe Ile Asp Val His Asp Gly Met Thr Leu Lys Asp Val Tyr 530 535 540 Ser Cys Asn Gly Ala Asn Asn Ser Gln Ala Trp Pro Tyr Gly Pro Ser 545 550 555 560 Asp Gly Gly Thr Ser Thr Asn Tyr Ser Trp Asp Gln Gly Met Ser Ala 565 570 575 Gly Thr Gly Ala Ala Val Asp Gln Arg Arg Ala Ala Arg Thr Gly Met 580 585 590 Ala Phe Glu Met Leu Ser Ala Gly Thr Pro Leu Met Gln Gly Gly Asp 595 600 605 Glu Tyr Leu Arg Thr Leu Gln Cys Asn Asn Asn Ala Tyr Asn Leu Asp 610 615 620 Ser Ser Ala Asn Trp Leu Thr Tyr Ser Trp Thr Thr Asp Gln Ser Asn 625 630 635 640 Phe Tyr Thr Phe Ala Gln Arg Leu Ile Ala Phe Arg Lys Ala His Pro 645 650 655 Ala Leu Arg Pro Ser Ser Trp Tyr Ser Gly Ser Gln Leu Thr Trp Tyr 660 665 670 Gln Pro Ser Gly Ala Val Ala Asp Ser Asn Tyr Trp Asn Asn Thr Ser 675 680 685 Asn Tyr Ala Ile Ala Tyr Ala Ile Asn Gly Pro Ser Leu Gly Asp Ser 690 695 700 Asn Ser Ile Tyr Val Ala Tyr Asn Gly Trp Ser Ser Ser Val Thr Phe 705 710 715 720 Thr Leu Pro Ala Pro Pro Ser Gly Thr Gln Trp Tyr Arg Val Thr Asp 725 730 735 Thr Cys Asp Trp Asn Asp Gly Ala Ser Thr Phe Val Ala Pro Gly Ser 740 745 750 Glu Thr Leu Ile Gly Gly Ala Gly Thr Thr Tyr Gly Gln Cys Gly Gln 755 760 765 Ser Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ser Lys 770 775 8 774 PRT Favobacterium odoratum PEPTIDE (1)..(774) Isoamylase 8 Met Phe Asn Lys Tyr Lys Gln Ile Ser Glu Thr Asp Met Gln Arg Thr 1 5 10 15 Ile Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu Thr Gly Ala Leu Leu Gly Ala Pro Ala Trp 20 25 30 Ala Ala Ile Asn Pro Asn Lys Leu Gly Ala Ala Tyr Asp Ala Thr Lys 35 40 45 Ala Asn Val Thr Phe Lys Val Tyr Ser Ser Lys Ala Thr Arg Ile Glu 50 55 60 Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Ser Thr Ala Thr Gly Ser Ala Glu Lys Ala Lys Tyr 65 70 75 80 Val Met Thr Asn Ser Gly Gly Ile Trp Ser Val Thr Ile Pro Thr Ser 85 90 95 Thr Leu Ser Gly Gln Gly Leu Gly Gly Thr Leu Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Arg 100 105 110 Ala Trp Gly Pro Asn Trp Pro Tyr Asn Ala Ser Trp Thr Lys Gly Ser 115 120 125 Ser Leu Gly Phe Ile Ser Asp Val Asp Ala Ala Gly Asn Arg Phe Asn 130 135 140 Pro Asn Lys Leu Leu Ser Asp Pro Tyr Ala Leu Glu Leu Ser His Asp 145 150 155 160 Pro Thr Thr Ala Thr Met Thr Asn Gly Ser Ile Tyr Ala Ser Gly Ala 165 170 175 Thr Tyr Arg Asn Ile Asp Ser Gly Ser Ser Ala Pro Lys Gly Ile Val 180 185 190 Leu Ala Gly Asp Thr Gln Ala Thr Gly Thr Lys Pro Thr Arg Ala Leu 195 200 205 Lys Asp Asp Val Val Tyr Glu Ala His Val Arg Gly Leu Thr Met Asn 210 215 220 Asp Thr Ser Ile Thr Ala Ala Tyr Arg Gly Thr Tyr Lys Gly Ala Gly 225 230 235 240 Leu Lys Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Leu Gly Val Thr Ala Ile Glu Phe 245 250 255 Leu Pro Val Gln Glu Thr Gln Asn Asp Thr Asn Asp Asn Asp Pro Ser 260 265 270 Ser Thr Ser Gly Asp Asn Tyr Trp Gly Tyr Met Thr Leu Asn Tyr Phe 275 280 285 Ala Pro Asp Arg Arg Tyr Ala Tyr Asp Lys Thr Pro Gly Gly Pro Thr 290 295 300 Arg Glu Phe Lys Glu Met Val Lys Ala Phe His Asp Asn Gly Ile Lys 305 310 315 320 Val Leu Val Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr Gly Glu Gly Gly Ala Trp 325 330 335 Ser Pro Thr Asp Lys Thr Thr Tyr Asn Ile Thr Ser Phe Arg Gly Leu 340 345 350 Asp Asn Pro Thr Tyr Tyr Ser Leu Thr Ala Asp Phe Gln Asn Ser Trp 355 360 365 Asp Asn Thr Gly Val Gly Gly Asn Tyr Asn Thr Arg Asn Thr Ile Ala 370 375 380 Gln Asn Leu Ile Val Asp Ser Leu Ala Tyr Trp Arg Asp Lys Leu Gly 385 390 395 400 Val Asp Gly Tyr Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala Ser Val Leu Gly Asn Ser Cys 405 410 415 Gln His Gly Cys Phe Asn Phe Asp Lys Met Asp Ala Gly Asn Ala Leu 420 425 430 Asn Arg Ile Val Ala Glu Leu Pro Pro Arg Pro Ala Thr Gly Gly Ser 435 440 445 Gly Val Asp Leu Ile Ala Glu Pro Trp Ala Ile Gly Gly Asn Ser Tyr 450 455 460 Gln Val Gly Gly Phe Pro Ser Gly Trp Ala Glu Trp Asn Gly Ala Tyr 465 470 475 480 Arg Asp Val Val Arg Gln Ala Gln Asn Lys Leu Gly Ser Val Ala Ile 485 490 495 Thr Thr Gly Gln Met Ala Thr Arg Phe Ala Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu Tyr 500 505 510 Gly Asp Asp Gly Arg Lys Pro Trp His Ser Val Asn Phe Ile Thr Ala 515 520 525 His Asp Gly Phe Thr Leu Lys Asp Leu Tyr Ser Cys Asn Ser Lys Asn 530 535 540 Asn Asn Gln Val Trp Pro Tyr Gly Pro Ser Asp Gly Gly Glu Asp Asn 545 550 555 560 Asn Asn Ser Trp Asp Gln Gly Gly Ile Ala Ala Asp Gln Arg Lys Ala 565 570 575 Ala Arg Asn Gly Met Ala Leu Met Met Leu Ser Ala Gly Val Pro Met 580 585 590 Ile Val Gly Gly Asp Glu Ala Leu Arg Ser Met Asn Cys Asn Asn Asn 595 600 605 Pro Tyr Asn Leu Asp Ser Ser Ala Asn Trp Leu Asn Trp Ser Arg Thr 610 615 620 Thr Asp Gln Asn Asn Phe Gln Ser Phe Ser Lys Ala Met Ile Ala Phe 625 630 635 640 Arg Lys Ala His Pro Ala Leu Arg Pro Ala Asn Phe Tyr Ser Ser Val 645 650 655 Asp Asn Asn Gly Asn Val Met Glu Gln Leu Arg Trp Phe Lys Pro Asp 660 665 670 Gly Gly Val Ala Asp Ala Thr Tyr Phe Asn Asp Ala Asn Asn His Ala 675 680 685 Ile Ala Trp Arg Ile Asp Gly Ser Glu Phe Gly Asp Thr Ala Ser Ala 690 695 700 Ile Tyr Val Ala His Asn Ala Trp Ser Ala Gln Val Asn Phe Thr Leu 705 710 715 720 Pro Trp Pro Gly Ala Gly Lys Ser Trp Tyr Arg Val Thr Asp Thr Cys 725 730 735 Gly Trp Ala Glu Gly Ala Ser Gln Val Gln Ala Pro Gly Ser Glu Ala 740 745 750 Leu Val Gly Gly Glu Asn Thr Ala Tyr Gly Leu Cys Gly Arg Gly Thr 755 760 765 Leu Leu Leu Ile Ala Lys 770 9 713 PRT Sulfolobus acidocaldarius PEPTIDE (1)..(713) Isoamylase 9 Met Lys Asp Arg Pro Leu Lys Pro Gly Glu Pro Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr Trp Ile Glu Glu Glu Asp Gly Val Asn Phe Val Leu Phe Ser Glu 20 25 30 Asn Ala Thr Lys Val Glu Leu Leu Thr Tyr Ser Gln Thr Arg Gln Asp 35 40 45 Glu Pro Lys Glu Ile Ile Glu Leu Arg Gln Arg Thr Gly Asp Leu Trp 50 55 60 His Val Phe Val Pro Gly Leu Arg Pro Gly Gln Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Arg 65 70 75 80 Val Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Lys Pro Glu Glu Gly Leu Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn 85 90 95 Lys Val Leu Ile Asp Pro Tyr Ala Lys Ala Ile Asn Gly Leu Leu Leu 100 105 110 Trp Asp Asp Ser Val Phe Gly Tyr Lys Ile Gly Asp Gln Asn Gln Asp 115 120 125 Leu Ser Phe Asp Glu Arg Lys Asp Asp Lys Phe Ile Pro Lys Gly Val 130 135 140 Ile Ile Asn Pro Tyr Phe Asp Trp Glu Asp Glu His Phe Phe Phe Arg 145 150 155 160 Arg Lys Ile Pro Phe Lys Asp Ser Ile Ile Tyr Glu Thr His Ile Lys 165 170 175 Gly Ile Thr Lys Leu Arg Gln Asp Leu Pro Glu Asn Val Arg Gly Thr 180 185 190 Phe Leu Gly Leu Ala Ser Asp Thr Met Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Leu 195 200 205 Gly Ile Thr Thr Val Glu Ile Met Pro Ile Gln Gln Phe Val Asp Glu 210 215 220 Arg Phe Ile Val Asp Lys Gly Leu Lys Asn Tyr Trp Gly Tyr Asn Pro 225 230 235 240 Ile Asn Tyr Phe Ser Pro Glu Cys Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Gly Cys Leu 245 250 255 Gly Asn Gln Val Ile Glu Phe Lys Lys Leu Val Asn Ser Leu His Asn 260 265 270 Ala Gly Leu Glu Val Ile Ile Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr Ala Glu 275 280 285 Gly Asn His Leu Gly Pro Thr Leu Ser Phe Lys Gly Ile Asp Asn Ser 290 295 300 Ser Tyr Tyr Met Leu Asp Pro Lys Asn Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Ile Asp Phe 305 310 315 320 Thr Gly Thr Gly Asn Thr Leu Asn Leu Ser His Pro Arg Val Leu Gln 325 330 335 Leu Val Leu Asp Ser Leu Arg Tyr Trp Val Leu Glu Met His Val Asp 340 345 350 Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala Ser Ala Leu Ala Arg Gln Leu Tyr Ser 355 360 365 Val Asn Met Leu Ser Thr Phe Phe Val Ala Ile Gln Gln Asp Pro Ile 370 375 380 Leu Ser Gln Val Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Pro Trp Asp Val Gly Pro Gly 385 390 395 400 Gly Tyr Gln Val Gly Asn Phe Pro Tyr Leu Trp Ala Glu Trp Asn Gly 405 410 415 Lys Tyr Arg Asp Thr Ile Arg Arg Phe Trp Arg Gly Asp Pro Val Pro 420 425 430 Tyr Glu Glu Leu Ala Asn Arg Leu Leu Gly Ser Pro Asp Leu Tyr Ala 435 440 445 Gly Ser Asn Lys Thr Pro Phe Ala Ser Ile Asn Tyr Ile Thr Ser His 450 455 460 Asp Gly Phe Thr Leu Gln Asp Leu Val Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys His Asn 465 470 475 480 Glu Ala Asn Lys Leu Asn Asn Glu Asp Gly Met Asn Glu Asn Tyr Ser 485 490 495 Trp Asn Cys Gly Val Glu Gly Glu Thr Asn Asp Ser Asn Ile Leu Tyr 500 505 510 Cys Arg Glu Lys Gln Arg Arg Asn Phe Val Ile Thr Leu Phe Val Ser 515 520 525 Gln Gly Ile Pro Met Ile Leu Gly Gly Asp Glu Ile Gly Arg Thr Gln 530 535 540 Lys Gly Asn Asn Asn Ala Phe Cys Gln Asp Asn Glu Thr Ser Trp Tyr 545 550 555 560 Asp Trp Asn Leu Asp Glu Asn Arg Val Arg Phe His Asp Phe Val Arg 565 570 575 Arg Leu Thr Asn Phe Tyr Lys Ala His Pro Ile Phe Arg Arg Ala Arg 580 585 590 Tyr Phe Gln Gly Lys Lys Leu His Gly Ser Pro Leu Lys Asp Val Thr 595 600 605 Trp Leu Lys Pro Asp Gly Asn Glu Val Asp Asp Ser Val Trp Lys Ser 610 615 620 Pro Thr Asn His Ile Ile Tyr Ile Leu Glu Gly Ser Ala Ile Asp Glu 625 630 635 640 Ile Asn Tyr Asn Gly Glu Arg Ile Ala Asp Asp Thr Phe Leu Ile Ile 645 650 655 Leu Asn Gly Ala Ser Thr Asn Leu Lys Ile Lys Val Pro His Gly Lys 660 665 670 Trp Glu Leu Val Leu His Pro Tyr Pro His Glu Pro Ser Asn Asp Lys 675 680 685 Lys Ile Ile Glu Asn Asn Lys Glu Val Glu Ile Asp Gly Lys Thr Ala 690 695 700 Leu Ile Tyr Arg Arg Ile Glu Phe Gln 705 710 10 718 PRT Sulfolobus sulfataricus PEPTIDE (1)..(718) Isoamylase 10 Met Ala Leu Phe Phe Arg Thr Arg Asp Arg Pro Leu Arg Pro Gly Asp 1 5 10 15 Pro Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ser Asn Trp Ile Glu Asp Asp Asp Gly Val Asn 20 25 30 Phe Ser Leu Phe Ser Glu Asn Ala Glu Lys Val Glu Leu Leu Leu Tyr 35 40 45 Ser Leu Thr Asn Gln Lys Tyr Pro Lys Glu Ile Ile Glu Val Lys Asn 50 55 60 Lys Thr Gly Asp Ile Trp His Val Phe Val Pro Gly Leu Arg Pro Gly 65 70 75 80 Gln Leu Tyr Ala Tyr Arg Val Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Lys Pro Glu Leu Gly 85 90 95 Leu Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn Lys Val Leu Ile Asp Pro Tyr Ala Lys Ala 100 105 110 Ile Asn Gly Ser Val Ile Trp Asn Asp Ala Val Phe Gly Tyr Lys Ile 115 120 125 Gly Asp Gln Asn Gln Asp Leu Thr Tyr Asp Glu Arg Asp Ser Gly Glu 130 135 140 Tyr Val Pro Lys Ser Val Val Ile Asn Pro Tyr Phe Glu Trp Asp Asp 145 150 155 160 Glu Asp Phe Ile Lys Gly Lys Lys Val Pro Leu Lys Asp Thr Val Ile 165 170 175 Tyr Glu Val His Val Lys Gly Phe Thr Lys Leu Arg Leu Asp Leu Pro 180 185 190 Glu Asn Ile Arg Gly Thr Tyr Glu Gly Leu Ala Ser Glu Gln Met Ile 195 200 205 Ser Tyr Leu Lys Asp Leu Gly Ile Thr Thr Val Glu Leu Met Pro Val 210 215 220 Phe His Phe Ile Asp Gln Arg Phe Leu Thr Asp Lys Gly Leu Thr Asn 225 230 235 240 Tyr Trp Gly Tyr Asp Pro Ile Asn Phe Phe Ser Pro Glu Cys Arg Tyr 245 250 255 Ser Ser Thr Gly Cys Leu Gly Gly Gln Val Leu Ser Phe Lys Lys Met 260 265 270 Val Asn Glu Leu His Asn Ala Gly Ile Glu Val Ile Ile Asp Val Val 275 280 285 Tyr Asn His Thr Ala Glu Gly Asn His Leu Gly Pro Thr Leu Ser Phe 290 295 300 Arg Gly Ile Asp Asn Thr Ala Tyr Tyr Met Leu Gln Pro Asp Asn Lys 305 310 315 320 Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Asp Phe Thr Gly Thr Gly Asn Thr Leu Asn Leu Ser 325 330 335 His Pro Arg Val Ile Gln Met Val Leu Asp Ser Leu Arg Tyr Trp Val 340 345 350 Thr Glu Met His Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu 355 360 365 Ala Arg Glu Leu Tyr Ser Val Asn Met Leu Asn Thr Phe Phe Ile Ala 370 375 380 Leu Gln Gln Asp Pro Ile Leu Ser Gln Val Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Pro 385 390 395 400 Trp Asp Val Gly Gln Gly Gly Tyr Gln Val Gly Asn Phe Pro Tyr Gln 405 410 415 Trp Ala Glu Trp Asn Gly Lys Tyr Arg Asp Ser Ile Arg Arg Phe Trp 420 425 430 Arg Gly Glu Ala Leu Pro Tyr Ser Glu Ile Ala Asn Arg Leu Leu Gly 435 440 445 Ser Pro Asp Ile Tyr Leu Gly Asn Asn Lys Thr Pro Phe Ala Ser Ile 450 455 460 Asn Tyr Val Thr Ser His Asp Gly Phe Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Val Ser 465 470 475 480 Tyr Asn Gln Lys His Asn Glu Ala Asn Gly Phe Asn Asn Gln Asp Gly 485 490 495 Met Asn Glu Asn Tyr Ser Trp Asn Cys Gly Ala Glu Gly Pro Thr Asn 500 505 510 Asp Gln Asn Val Val Ile Cys Arg Glu Lys Gln Lys Arg Asn Phe Met 515 520 525 Ile Thr Leu Leu Val Ser Gln Gly Thr Pro Met Ile Leu Gly Gly Asp 530 535 540 Glu Leu Ser Arg Thr Gln Arg Gly Asn Asn Asn Ala Phe Cys Gln Asp 545 550 555 560 Asn Glu Ile Thr Trp Phe Asp Trp Asn Leu Asp Glu Arg Lys Ser Lys 565 570 575 Phe Leu Glu Phe Val Lys Lys Met Ile Gln Phe Tyr Arg Ala His Pro 580 585 590 Ala Phe Arg Arg Glu Arg Tyr Phe Gln Gly Lys Lys Leu Phe Gly Met 595 600 605 Pro Leu Lys Asp Val Thr Phe Tyr Thr Leu Glu Gly Arg Glu Val Asp 610 615 620 Glu Lys Thr Trp Ser Ser Pro Thr Gln Leu Val Ile Phe Val Leu Glu 625 630 635 640 Gly Ser Val Met Asp Glu Ile Asn Met Tyr Gly Glu Arg Ile Ala Asp 645 650 655 Asp Ser Phe Leu Ile Ile Leu Asn Ala Asn Pro Asn Asn Val Lys Val 660 665 670 Lys Phe Pro Lys Gly Lys Trp Glu Leu Val Ile Ser Ser Tyr Leu Arg 675 680 685 Glu Ile Lys Pro Glu Glu Arg Ile Ile Glu Gly Glu Lys Glu Leu Glu 690 695 700 Ile Glu Gly Arg Thr Ala Leu Val Tyr Arg Arg Ile Glu Leu 705 710 715 11 818 PRT Zea mays PEPTIDE (1)..(818) Isoamylase 11 Arg Leu Val Thr His Ser Thr Arg Thr His Tyr Leu Ile Gly Gln Ser 1 5 10 15 Gln Thr Asn Trp Ala Pro Ser Pro Pro Leu Pro Leu Pro Met Ala Gln 20 25 30 Lys Leu Pro Cys Val Ser Ser Pro Arg Pro Leu Leu Ala Val Pro Ala 35 40 45 Gly Arg Trp Arg Ala Gly Val Arg Gly Arg Pro Asn Val Ala Gly Leu 50 55 60 Gly Arg Gly Arg Leu Ser Leu His Ala Ala Ala Ala Arg Pro Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Glu Ala Val Gln Ala Glu Glu Asp Asp Asp Asp Asp Asp Glu Glu Val 85 90 95 Ala Glu Glu Arg Phe Ala Leu Gly Gly Ala Cys Arg Val Leu Ala Gly 100 105 110 Met Pro Ala Pro Leu Gly Ala Thr Ala Leu Arg Gly Gly Val Asn Phe 115 120 125 Ala Val Tyr Ser Ser Gly Ala Ser Ala Ala Ser Leu Ser Leu Phe Ala 130 135 140 Pro Gly Asp Leu Lys Ala Asp Arg Val Thr Glu Glu Val Pro Leu Asp 145 150 155 160 Pro Leu Leu Asn Arg Thr Gly Asn Val Trp His Val Phe Ile His Gly 165 170 175 Asp Glu Leu His Gly Met Leu Cys Gly Tyr Arg Phe Asp Gly Val Phe 180 185 190 Ala Pro Glu Arg Gly Gln Tyr Tyr Asp Val Ser Asn Val Val Val Asp 195 200 205 Pro Tyr Ala Lys Ala Val Val Ser Arg Gly Glu Tyr Gly Val Pro Ala 210 215 220 Pro Gly Gly Ser Cys Trp Pro Gln Met Ala Gly Met Ile Pro Leu Pro 225 230 235 240 Tyr Asn Lys Phe Asp Trp Gln Gly Asp Leu Pro Leu Gly Tyr His Gln 245 250 255 Lys Asp Leu Val Ile Tyr Glu Met His Leu Arg Gly Phe Thr Lys His 260 265 270 Asn Ser Ser Lys Thr Lys His Pro Gly Thr Tyr Ile Gly Ala Val Ser 275 280 285 Lys Leu Asp His Leu Lys Glu Leu Gly Val Asn Cys Ile Glu Leu Met 290 295 300 Pro Cys His Glu Phe Asn Glu Leu Glu Tyr Phe Ser Ser Ser Ser Lys 305 310 315 320 Met Asn Phe Trp Gly Tyr Ser Thr Ile Asn Phe Phe Ser Pro Met Ala 325 330 335 Arg Tyr Ser Ser Ser Gly Ile Arg Asp Ser Gly Cys Gly Ala Ile Asn 340 345 350 Glu Phe Lys Ala Phe Val Arg Glu Ala His Lys Arg Gly Ile Glu Val 355 360 365 Ile Met Asp Val Val Phe Asn His Thr Ala Glu Gly Asn Glu Lys Gly 370 375 380 Pro Ile Leu Ser Phe Arg Gly Ile Asp Asn Ser Thr Tyr Tyr Met Leu 385 390 395 400 Ala Pro Lys Gly Glu Phe Tyr Asn Tyr Ser Gly Cys Gly Asn Thr Phe 405 410 415 Asn Cys Asn His Pro Val Val Arg Glu Phe Ile Val Asp Cys Leu Arg 420 425 430 Tyr Trp Val Thr Glu Met His Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala 435 440 445 Ser Ile Leu Thr Arg Gly Cys Ser Leu Trp Asp Pro Val Asn Val Tyr 450 455 460 Gly Ser Pro Met Glu Gly Asp Met Ile Thr Thr Gly Thr Pro Leu Val 465 470 475 480 Ala Pro Pro Leu Ile Asp Met Ile Ser Asn Asp Pro Ile Leu Gly Asn 485 490 495 Val Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Ala Trp Asp Ala Gly Gly Leu Tyr Gln Glu 500 505 510 Gly Gln Phe Pro His Trp Asn Val Trp Ser Glu Trp Asn Gly Lys Tyr 515 520 525 Arg Asp Thr Val Arg Gln Phe Ile Lys Gly Thr Asp Gly Phe Ala Gly 530 535 540 Ala Phe Ala Glu Cys Leu Cys Gly Ser Pro Gln Leu Tyr Gln Ala Gly 545 550 555 560 Gly Arg Lys Pro Trp His Ser Ile Gly Phe Val Cys Ala His Asp Gly 565 570 575 Phe Thr Leu Ala Asp Leu Val Thr Tyr Asn Ser Lys Tyr Asn Leu Ser 580 585 590 Asn Gly Glu Asp Phe Arg Asp Gly Glu Asn His Asn Leu Ser Trp Asn 595 600 605 Cys Gly Glu Glu Gly Glu Phe Ala Ser Leu Ser Val Arg Arg Leu Arg 610 615 620 Lys Arg Gln Met Arg Asn Phe Phe Val Cys Leu Met Val Ser Gln Gly 625 630 635 640 Val Pro Met Phe Tyr Met Gly Asp Glu Tyr Gly His Thr Lys Gly Gly 645 650 655 Asn Asn Asn Thr Tyr Cys His Asp His Tyr Val Asn Tyr Phe Arg Trp 660 665 670 Asp Lys Lys Glu Glu Gln Ser Ser Asp Leu Tyr Arg Phe Cys Arg Leu 675 680 685 Met Thr Glu Phe Arg Lys Glu Cys Glu Ser Leu Gly Leu Glu Asp Phe 690 695 700 Pro Thr Ser Glu Arg Leu Lys Trp His Gly His Gln Pro Gly Lys Pro 705 710 715 720 Asp Trp Ser Glu Ala Ser Arg Phe Val Ala Phe Thr Met Lys Asp Glu 725 730 735 Thr Lys Gly Glu Ile Tyr Val Ala Phe Asn Thr Ser His Leu Pro Val 740 745 750 Val Val Gly Leu Pro Glu Arg Ser Gly Phe Arg Trp Glu Pro Val Val 755 760 765 Asp Thr Gly Lys Glu Ala Pro Tyr Asp Phe Leu Thr Asp Gly Leu Pro 770 775 780 Asp Arg Ala Val Thr Val Tyr Gln Phe Ser His Phe Leu Asn Ser Asn 785 790 795 800 Leu Tyr Pro Met Leu Ser Tyr Ser Ser Ile Ile Leu Val Leu Arg Pro 805 810 815 Asp Val 12 2181 DNA Rhodotermus marinus DSM 4252 CDS (1)..(2181) Isoamylase 12 atg tca cat agc gcg caa ccg gtt acg tcg gta cag gcc gtc tgg ccc 48 Met Ser His Ser Ala Gln Pro Val Thr Ser Val Gln Ala Val Trp Pro 1 5 10 15 ggc cgg cct tat ccg ctg ggt gcc acc tgg gac ggg ctg ggc gtc aac 96 Gly Arg Pro Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ala Thr Trp Asp Gly Leu Gly Val Asn 20 25 30 ttt gcc ctc tac agc cag cac gcc gag gcg gtc gaa ctg gtg ctg ttc 144 Phe Ala Leu Tyr Ser Gln His Ala Glu Ala Val Glu Leu Val Leu Phe 35 40 45 gac cac ccg gac gat ccc gcg cct tcg cgc acg atc gaa gtg acc gaa 192 Asp His Pro Asp Asp Pro Ala Pro Ser Arg Thr Ile Glu Val Thr Glu 50 55 60 cgg aca ggc ccg atc tgg cat gtg tac ctg ccc ggc ctg cgt ccc ggc 240 Arg Thr Gly Pro Ile Trp His Val Tyr Leu Pro Gly Leu Arg Pro Gly 65 70 75 80 cag ctc tac ggc tat cgc gtc tac gga ccc tac cgg ccg gag gaa ggc 288 Gln Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Arg Val Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Arg Pro Glu Glu Gly 85 90 95 cac cgc ttc aat ccg aac aag gtg ctg ctc gac ccc tac gcg aag gcc 336 His Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn Lys Val Leu Leu Asp Pro Tyr Ala Lys Ala 100 105 110 atc ggc cgg ccc ctt cgc tgg cac gac agc ctc ttc ggt tac aaa atc 384 Ile Gly Arg Pro Leu Arg Trp His Asp Ser Leu Phe Gly Tyr Lys Ile 115 120 125 ggc gat ccg gcc ggg gat ctg tcg ttc tcc gaa gaa gac agc gct ccg 432 Gly Asp Pro Ala Gly Asp Leu Ser Phe Ser Glu Glu Asp Ser Ala Pro 130 135 140 tac gcg ccg ctg gga gcc gtc gtg gag ggc tgt ttc gag tgg ggc gac 480 Tyr Ala Pro Leu Gly Ala Val Val Glu Gly Cys Phe Glu Trp Gly Asp 145 150 155 160 gac cgc ccg ccg cgc att ccc tgg gaa gac acg atc atc tac gaa acg 528 Asp Arg Pro Pro Arg Ile Pro Trp Glu Asp Thr Ile Ile Tyr Glu Thr 165 170 175 cac gtc aag ggc atc acg aag ctg cat ccg gaa gtg ccg gag ccg ctg 576 His Val Lys Gly Ile Thr Lys Leu His Pro Glu Val Pro Glu Pro Leu 180 185 190 cgg ggg acg tat ctg ggg ctg acc tgc gag ccg gtg ctg gag cac ctg 624 Arg Gly Thr Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Cys Glu Pro Val Leu Glu His Leu 195 200 205 aag cag ctg ggc gtc acc acg atc cag ctc ctt ccg gtg cac gca aaa 672 Lys Gln Leu Gly Val Thr Thr Ile Gln Leu Leu Pro Val His Ala Lys 210 215 220 gtg cac gat cgg cac ctg gtc gag cgc ggc ctg cgc aac tac tgg ggc 720 Val His Asp Arg His Leu Val Glu Arg Gly Leu Arg Asn Tyr Trp Gly 225 230 235 240 tac aat ccg ctc tgc tac ttt gcg ccg gag ccc gag tac gcc acg aac 768 Tyr Asn Pro Leu Cys Tyr Phe Ala Pro Glu Pro Glu Tyr Ala Thr Asn 245 250 255 ggg ccg atc tcg gcc gtg cgc gag ttc aag atg atg gtg cgg gcg ctg 816 Gly Pro Ile Ser Ala Val Arg Glu Phe Lys Met Met Val Arg Ala Leu 260 265 270 cat gct gcc ggc ttc gag gtg atc gtc gac gtg gtc tac aac cac acg 864 His Ala Ala Gly Phe Glu Val Ile Val Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr 275 280 285 ggc gaa ggc ggc gtg ctg ggc ccc acg ctg tcg ttc cgg ggc atc gac 912 Gly Glu Gly Gly Val Leu Gly Pro Thr Leu Ser Phe Arg Gly Ile Asp 290 295 300 aac cgc gcc tac tac aag gcc gat ccg aac aac ccg cgc ttt ctg gtc 960 Asn Arg Ala Tyr Tyr Lys Ala Asp Pro Asn Asn Pro Arg Phe Leu Val 305 310 315 320 gat tac acg ggc acc ggc aac acg ctg gac gtg ggc aac ccc tac gtc 1008 Asp Tyr Thr Gly Thr Gly Asn Thr Leu Asp Val Gly Asn Pro Tyr Val 325 330 335 atc cag ctc atc atg gac agc ctg cgc tac tgg gtc act gaa atg cac 1056 Ile Gln Leu Ile Met Asp Ser Leu Arg Tyr Trp Val Thr Glu Met His 340 345 350 gtc gac ggc ttt cgg ttc gac ctg gcc gcc gcg ctg gcc cgc gag ctg 1104 Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Arg Glu Leu 355 360 365 tac gac gtg gac atg ctc tcg acc ttt ttt cag gtc att cag cag gac 1152 Tyr Asp Val Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Phe Phe Gln Val Ile Gln Gln Asp 370 375 380 ccg gtg ctc agc cag gtc aag ctc atc gcc gaa ccc tgg gac gtc ggg 1200 Pro Val Leu Ser Gln Val Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Pro Trp Asp Val Gly 385 390 395 400 ccg ggg ggg tat cag gtg gga cat ttt ccc tgg cag tgg acc gag tgg 1248 Pro Gly Gly Tyr Gln Val Gly His Phe Pro Trp Gln Trp Thr Glu Trp 405 410 415 aac ggc cgc tat cgt gac gcc gtg cgc cgc ttc tgg cgg ggc gat cgg 1296 Asn Gly Arg Tyr Arg Asp Ala Val Arg Arg Phe Trp Arg Gly Asp Arg 420 425 430 ggc ctc aac ggt gag ttt gcc acg cgc ttt gcc ggc tcc agc gat ctg 1344 Gly Leu Asn Gly Glu Phe Ala Thr Arg Phe Ala Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu 435 440 445 tac gaa cgt agc ggt cgt cgt ccg ttc gct tcg atc aac ttc gtc acg 1392 Tyr Glu Arg Ser Gly Arg Arg Pro Phe Ala Ser Ile Asn Phe Val Thr 450 455 460 gcg cac gac ggc ttc acg ctg gaa gac ctg gtc agc tac acg aaa aag 1440 Ala His Asp Gly Phe Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Val Ser Tyr Thr Lys Lys 465 470 475 480 cac aac gaa gcg aat ctg gaa ggc aac cgg gac ggc atg gac gaa aac 1488 His Asn Glu Ala Asn Leu Glu Gly Asn Arg Asp Gly Met Asp Glu Asn 485 490 495 tac agc acg aac tgc ggg gtg gag gga ccc acg cag gat ccg tcc gtg 1536 Tyr Ser Thr Asn Cys Gly Val Glu Gly Pro Thr Gln Asp Pro Ser Val 500 505 510 ctg gcc tgc cgg gaa gcg ctc aag cgc agc ctg atc agc acg ctc ttt 1584 Leu Ala Cys Arg Glu Ala Leu Lys Arg Ser Leu Ile Ser Thr Leu Phe 515 520 525 ctc tcg cag ggc gtg ccc atg ctg ctg ggc ggc gac gag ctg tcg cgc 1632 Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Met Leu Leu Gly Gly Asp Glu Leu Ser Arg 530 535 540 acg cag cac ggc aac aac aac gcc tat tgc cag gac aac gag atc agc 1680 Thr Gln His Gly Asn Asn Asn Ala Tyr Cys Gln Asp Asn Glu Ile Ser 545 550 555 560 tgg tac aac tgg cag ctc gac acg cgc aag cag cag ttt ctg gag ttc 1728 Trp Tyr Asn Trp Gln Leu Asp Thr Arg Lys Gln Gln Phe Leu Glu Phe 565 570 575 gtg cgc cag acg atc tgg ttt cgc aag cag cat cgg agc ttc cgg cgc 1776 Val Arg Gln Thr Ile Trp Phe Arg Lys Gln His Arg Ser Phe Arg Arg 580 585 590 cgc cat ttt ctg acc gga ttg ccc aac ggc gga agg ccc cga cgc agt 1824 Arg His Phe Leu Thr Gly Leu Pro Asn Gly Gly Arg Pro Arg Arg Ser 595 600 605 ctg gtg gca cct gag ggt cgg ccc atg cgc cac gag gac tgg acc aac 1872 Leu Val Ala Pro Glu Gly Arg Pro Met Arg His Glu Asp Trp Thr Asn 610 615 620 ccg gag ctg acg gcc ttc gga ctg ctg ctg cac ggc gac gcc att cag 1920 Pro Glu Leu Thr Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu His Gly Asp Ala Ile Gln 625 630 635 640 ggg acc gac gag cac gga cga ccg ttt cgc gac gac acg ttt ctg att 1968 Gly Thr Asp Glu His Gly Arg Pro Phe Arg Asp Asp Thr Phe Leu Ile 645 650 655 ctg ttc aac aac ggc agc gaa gcc gtg ccg gtc gtg gtg ccg gag gta 2016 Leu Phe Asn Asn Gly Ser Glu Ala Val Pro Val Val Val Pro Glu Val 660 665 670 tgc tcc tgt ggc aag ccg cac cac tgg gag gtg gtc ccg gtg ttt caa 2064 Cys Ser Cys Gly Lys Pro His His Trp Glu Val Val Pro Val Phe Gln 675 680 685 cgc aat gtg gag ccc ccc acg tgc gcg ccc ggc gag acg ctg tcg ctc 2112 Arg Asn Val Glu Pro Pro Thr Cys Ala Pro Gly Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu 690 695 700 ccg ccc ggc gtg ctg acg gtg ctg gtg gcc gta ccg ccg ttc tcg gat 2160 Pro Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Pro Pro Phe Ser Asp 705 710 715 720 gga aac acg gag ccg gcc tga 2181 Gly Asn Thr Glu Pro Ala 725 13 726 PRT Rhodotermus marinus DSM 4252 13 Met Ser His Ser Ala Gln Pro Val Thr Ser Val Gln Ala Val Trp Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg Pro Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ala Thr Trp Asp Gly Leu Gly Val Asn 20 25 30 Phe Ala Leu Tyr Ser Gln His Ala Glu Ala Val Glu Leu Val Leu Phe 35 40 45 Asp His Pro Asp Asp Pro Ala Pro Ser Arg Thr Ile Glu Val Thr Glu 50 55 60 Arg Thr Gly Pro Ile Trp His Val Tyr Leu Pro Gly Leu Arg Pro Gly 65 70 75 80 Gln Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Arg Val Tyr Gly Pro Tyr Arg Pro Glu Glu Gly 85 90 95 His Arg Phe Asn Pro Asn Lys Val Leu Leu Asp Pro Tyr Ala Lys Ala 100 105 110 Ile Gly Arg Pro Leu Arg Trp His Asp Ser Leu Phe Gly Tyr Lys Ile 115 120 125 Gly Asp Pro Ala Gly Asp Leu Ser Phe Ser Glu Glu Asp Ser Ala Pro 130 135 140 Tyr Ala Pro Leu Gly Ala Val Val Glu Gly Cys Phe Glu Trp Gly Asp 145 150 155 160 Asp Arg Pro Pro Arg Ile Pro Trp Glu Asp Thr Ile Ile Tyr Glu Thr 165 170 175 His Val Lys Gly Ile Thr Lys Leu His Pro Glu Val Pro Glu Pro Leu 180 185 190 Arg Gly Thr Tyr Leu Gly Leu Thr Cys Glu Pro Val Leu Glu His Leu 195 200 205 Lys Gln Leu Gly Val Thr Thr Ile Gln Leu Leu Pro Val His Ala Lys 210 215 220 Val His Asp Arg His Leu Val Glu Arg Gly Leu Arg Asn Tyr Trp Gly 225 230 235 240 Tyr Asn Pro Leu Cys Tyr Phe Ala Pro Glu Pro Glu Tyr Ala Thr Asn 245 250 255 Gly Pro Ile Ser Ala Val Arg Glu Phe Lys Met Met Val Arg Ala Leu 260 265 270 His Ala Ala Gly Phe Glu Val Ile Val Asp Val Val Tyr Asn His Thr 275 280 285 Gly Glu Gly Gly Val Leu Gly Pro Thr Leu Ser Phe Arg Gly Ile Asp 290 295 300 Asn Arg Ala Tyr Tyr Lys Ala Asp Pro Asn Asn Pro Arg Phe Leu Val 305 310 315 320 Asp Tyr Thr Gly Thr Gly Asn Thr Leu Asp Val Gly Asn Pro Tyr Val 325 330 335 Ile Gln Leu Ile Met Asp Ser Leu Arg Tyr Trp Val Thr Glu Met His 340 345 350 Val Asp Gly Phe Arg Phe Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu Ala Arg Glu Leu 355 360 365 Tyr Asp Val Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Phe Phe Gln Val Ile Gln Gln Asp 370 375 380 Pro Val Leu Ser Gln Val Lys Leu Ile Ala Glu Pro Trp Asp Val Gly 385 390 395 400 Pro Gly Gly Tyr Gln Val Gly His Phe Pro Trp Gln Trp Thr Glu Trp 405 410 415 Asn Gly Arg Tyr Arg Asp Ala Val Arg Arg Phe Trp Arg Gly Asp Arg 420 425 430 Gly Leu Asn Gly Glu Phe Ala Thr Arg Phe Ala Gly Ser Ser Asp Leu 435 440 445 Tyr Glu Arg Ser Gly Arg Arg Pro Phe Ala Ser Ile Asn Phe Val Thr 450 455 460 Ala His Asp Gly Phe Thr Leu Glu Asp Leu Val Ser Tyr Thr Lys Lys 465 470 475 480 His Asn Glu Ala Asn Leu Glu Gly Asn Arg Asp Gly Met Asp Glu Asn 485 490 495 Tyr Ser Thr Asn Cys Gly Val Glu Gly Pro Thr Gln Asp Pro Ser Val 500 505 510 Leu Ala Cys Arg Glu Ala Leu Lys Arg Ser Leu Ile Ser Thr Leu Phe 515 520 525 Leu Ser Gln Gly Val Pro Met Leu Leu Gly Gly Asp Glu Leu Ser Arg 530 535 540 Thr Gln His Gly Asn Asn Asn Ala Tyr Cys Gln Asp Asn Glu Ile Ser 545 550 555 560 Trp Tyr Asn Trp Gln Leu Asp Thr Arg Lys Gln Gln Phe Leu Glu Phe 565 570 575 Val Arg Gln Thr Ile Trp Phe Arg Lys Gln His Arg Ser Phe Arg Arg 580 585 590 Arg His Phe Leu Thr Gly Leu Pro Asn Gly Gly Arg Pro Arg Arg Ser 595 600 605 Leu Val Ala Pro Glu Gly Arg Pro Met Arg His Glu Asp Trp Thr Asn 610 615 620 Pro Glu Leu Thr Ala Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu His Gly Asp Ala Ile Gln 625 630 635 640 Gly Thr Asp Glu His Gly Arg Pro Phe Arg Asp Asp Thr Phe Leu Ile 645 650 655 Leu Phe Asn Asn Gly Ser Glu Ala Val Pro Val Val Val Pro Glu Val 660 665 670 Cys Ser Cys Gly Lys Pro His His Trp Glu Val Val Pro Val Phe Gln 675 680 685 Arg Asn Val Glu Pro Pro Thr Cys Ala Pro Gly Glu Thr Leu Ser Leu 690 695 700 Pro Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Val Leu Val Ala Val Pro Pro Phe Ser Asp 705 710 715 720 Gly Asn Thr Glu Pro Ala 725 14 2736 DNA Bacillus acidopullulyticus gene (1)..(2736) pulB, pullulanase 14 aaaaaatgct taatagaagg agtgtaatct gtgtccctaa tacgttctag gtataatcat 60 tttgtcattc tttttactgt cgccataatg tttctaacag tttgtttccc cgcttataaa 120 gctttagcag attctacctc gacagaagtc attgtgcatt atcatcgttt tgattctaac 180 tatgcaaatt gggatctatg gatgtggcca tatcaaccag ttaatggtaa tggagcagca 240 tacgagtttt ctggaaagga tgattttggc gttaaagcag atgttcaagt gcctggggat 300 gatacacagg taggtctgat tgtccgtaca aatgattgga gccaaaaaaa tacatcagac 360 gatctccata ttgatctgac aaaggggcat gaaatatgga ttgttcaggg ggatcccaat 420 atttattaca atctgagtga tgcgcaggct gcagcgactc caaaggtttc gaatgcgtat 480 ttggataatg aaaaaacagt attggcaaag ctaactaatc caatgacatt atcagatgga 540 tcaagcggct ttacggttac agataaaaca acaggggaac aaattccagt taccgctgca 600 acaaatgcga actcagcctc ctcgtctgag cagacagact tggttcaatt gacgttagcc 660 agtgcaccgg atgtttccca tacaatacaa gtaggagcag ccggttatga agcagtcaat 720 ctcataccac gaaatgtatt aaatttgcct cgttattatt acagcggaaa tgatttaggt 780 aacgtttatt caaataaggc aacggccttc cgtgtatggg ctccaactgc ttcggatgtc 840 caattacttt tatacaatag tgaaacagga cctgtaacca aacagcttga aatgcaaaag 900 agtgataacg gtacatggaa actgaaggtc cctggtaatc tgaaaaattg gtattatctc 960 tatcaggtaa cggtgaatgg gaagacacaa acagccgttg acccttatgt gcgtgctatt 1020 tcagtcaatg caacacgtgg tatgatagtc gatttagaag atacgaatcc tcctggatgg 1080 aaagaagatc atcaacagac acctgcgaac ccagtggatg aagtaatcta cgaagtgcat 1140 gtgcgtgatt tttcgattga tgctaattca ggcatgaaaa ataaagggaa atatcttgcc 1200 tttacagaac atggcacaaa aggccctgat aacgtgaaaa cgggtattga tagtttgaag 1260 gaattaggaa tcaatgctgt tcaattacag ccgattgaag aatttaacag cattgatgaa 1320 acccaaccaa atatgtataa ctggggctat gacccaagaa actacaacgt ccctgaagga 1380 gcgtatgcaa ctacaccaga aggaacggct cgcattaccc agttaaagca actgattcaa 1440 agcattcata aagatcggat tgctatcaat atggatgtgg tctataacca tacctttaac 1500 gtaggagtgt ctgattttga taagattgtt ccgcaatact attatcggac agacagcgca 1560 ggtaattata cgaacggctc aggtgtaggt aatgaaattg cgaccgagcg tccgatggtc 1620 caaaagttcg ttctggattc tgttaaatat tgggtaaagg aataccatat cgacggcttc 1680 cgtttcgatc ttatggctct tttaggaaaa gacaccatgg ccaaaatatc aaaagagctt 1740 catgctatta atcctggcat tgtcctgtat ggagaaccat ggactggcgg tacctctgga 1800 ttatcaagcg accaactcgt tacgaaaggt cagcaaaagg gcttgggaat tggcgtattc 1860 aacgataata ttcggaacgg actcgatggt aacgtttttg ataaatcggc acaaggattt 1920 gcaacaggag atccaaacca agttaatgtc attaaaaata gagttatggg aagtatttca 1980 gatttcactt cggcacctag cgaaaccatt aactatgtaa caagccatga taatatgaca 2040 ttgtgggata aaattagcgc aagtaatccg aacgatacac aagcagatcg aattaagatg 2100 gatgaattgg ctcaagctgt ggtatttact tcacaagggg taccatttat gcaaggtgga 2160 gaagaaatgc tgcggacaaa aggcggtaat gataatagtt acaatgccgg ggatagcgtg 2220 aatcagttcg attggtcaag aaaagcacaa tttgaaaatg tattcgacta ctattcttgg 2280 ttgattcatc tacgtgataa tcacccagca ttccgtatga cgacagcgga tcaaatcaaa 2340 caaaatctca ctttcttgga tagcccaacg aacactgtag catttgaatt aaaaaatcat 2400 gccaatcatg ataaatggaa aaacattata gttatgtata atccaaataa aactgcacaa 2460 actctcactc taccaagtgg aaattggaca attgtaggat taggcaatca agtaggtgag 2520 aaatcactag gccatgtaaa tggcacggtt gaggtgccag ctcttagtac gatcattctt 2580 catcagggta catctgaaga tgtcattgat caaaattaat attgattaag aaatgatttg 2640 taaaacattt aagtccattt acacgggata ctgtgtaaat ggattttagt tttatccgta 2700 gcatgtgtta aagaagtaaa tagtaaatgg caattt 2736 

1. A genetically engineered variant of a parent starch debranching enzyme, the enzyme variant having an improved thermostability at a pH in the range of 4-6 compared to the parent enzyme.
 2. The enzyme variant of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is a pullulanase.
 3. The enzyme variant of claim 1, wherein the enzyme is an isoamylase.
 4. The enzyme variant of any of claims 1-3, wherein the enzyme variant has an improved thermostability as defined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using the method described herein.
 5. The enzyme variant of any of claims 1-3, wherein the enzyme variant has an improved thermostability as defined by an increased half-time (T_(½)) of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, such as at least 100%, in the “T_(½) assay for liquefaction” described herein, using a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 95° C.
 6. The enzyme variant of any of claims 1-3, wherein the enzyme variant has an improved thermostability as defined by an increased residual enzyme activity of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, in the “assay for residual activity after liquefaction” described herein, using a pH of 5.0 and a temperature of 95° C.
 7. The enzyme variant of any of claims 1-3, wherein the enzyme variant has an improved thermostability as defined by an increased half-time (T_(½)) of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, such as at least 100%, in the “T_(½) assay for saccharification” described herein, using a pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 70° C.
 8. The enzyme variant of any of claims 1-3, wherein the enzyme variant has an improved thermostability as defined by an increased residual enzyme activity of at least about 5%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15%, more preferably at least about 25%, most preferably at least about 50%, in the “assay for residual activity after saccharification” described herein, using a pH of 4.5 and a temperature of 63° C.
 9. The enzyme variant of claim 8, having increased residual enzyme activity when assayed at a temperature of 70° C.
 10. A genetically engineered variant of a parent starch debranching enzyme, the enzyme variant having an increased activity towards amylopectin and/or glycogen compared to the parent enzyme.
 11. The enzyme variant of claim 10, wherein the parent enzyme is a pullulanase.
 12. The enzyme variant of claim 11, wherein the pullulanase is produced by a bacterium of the genus Bacillus, e.g. Bacillus acidopullulyticus or Bacillus deramificans, or Pyrococcus, or Klebsiella, e.g. Klebsiella pneumoniae or Klebsiella aerogenes
 13. The enzyme variant of claim 10, wherein the parent enzyme is an isoamylase, e.g. an isoamylase produced by a bacterium of the genus Pseudomonas, e.g. Pseudomonas amyloderamosa, or from Sulfolobus, e.g. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius or Sulfolobus solfataricus, or Rhodothermus, e.g. Rhodothermus marinus,
 14. The enzyme variant of any of claims 10-13, wherein the enzyme variant further has improved thermostability as defined in any of claims 1-9.
 15. A method for producing a starch debranching enzyme variant with increased thermostability, the method comprising the steps of: identifying one or more amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions associated with thermostability in a first parent starch debranching enzyme, identifying one or more homologous amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions in a second parent starch debranching enzyme by means of alignment of the amino acid sequences of the first and second parent starch debranching enzymes, and mutating one or more of the homologous amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions in the second parent starch debranching enzyme to produce an enzyme variant with increased thermostability.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein increased thermostability is obtained by mutating homologous amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions located in a loop, preferably loop 2 or
 3. 17. The method of claim 15, wherein mutation is performed at at least one amino acid residue corresponding to positions 369-397, 419-458, 484-525, 553-568, 582-608, 613-616, 661-670 and 708-739 of SEQ ID NO: 1, positions 465-493, 515-554, 580-621, 649-664, 680-711, 714-717, 757-765 and 804-834 of SEQ ID NO: 2, positions 176-195, 218-257, 283-334, 359-381, 395-413, 416-419, 461-470 and 537-568 of SEQ ID NO: 3, and positions 210-230, 250-292, 319-376, 401-437, 461-479, 482-485, 533-580 and 605-636 of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 18. The method of claim 15, wherein increased thermostability is obtained by replacing at least one non-proline residue with a proline residue.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein increased thermostability is obtained by at least one Gly to Ala substitution.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein increased thermostability is obtained by substituting at least one Asn or Gln residue with another amino acid residue, preferably an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Leu, Ile, Phe, Ala, Thr, Ser and Tyr.
 21. The method of any of claims 18-20, wherein substitution is performed in loop 3, 5 and/or
 6. 22. A method for producing a starch debranching enzyme variant with altered substrate specificity, the method comprising the steps of: identifying one or more amino acid residues in at least one amino acid loop associated with specificity towards a desired substrate in a first parent starch debranching enzyme, identifying one or more homologous amino acid residues in at least one corresponding loop in a second parent starch debranching enzyme by means of alignment of the amino acid sequences of the first and second parent starch debranching enzymes, and mutating one or more of the homologous amino acid residues in at least one loop in the second parent starch debranching enzyme to produce an enzyme variant with altered substrate specificity.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein mutation is performed at at least one amino acid residue corresponding to positions 369-397, 419-458, 484-525, 553-568, 582-608, 613-616, 661-670 and 708-739 of SEQ ID NO: 1, positions 465-493, 515-554, 580-621, 649-664, 680-711, 714-717, 757-765 and 804-834 of SEQ ID NO: 2, positions 176-195, 218-257, 283-334, 359-381, 395-413, 416-419, 461-470 and 537-568 of SEQ ID NO: 3, and positions 210-230, 250-292, 319-376, 401-437, 461-479, 482-485, 533-580 and 605-636 of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein mutation is performed in loop 1, 2, 4, 5 and/or
 7. 25. The method of any of claims 22-24, wherein the mutation is a loop transfer.
 26. The method of any of claims 22-25, wherein the first parent starch debranching enzyme is an isoamylase and the second parent starch debranching enzyme is a pullulanase.
 27. The method of any of claims 22-26, wherein the altered substrate specificity is an increased activity towards amylopectin and/or glycogen.
 28. The method of any of claims 15-27, wherein homologous amino acid residues and/or amino acid regions suitable for mutation are identified in the second parent starch debranching enzyme by means of alignment of the amino acid sequence of the second parent starch branching enzyme with the most homologous sequence in a key alignment, wherein said key alignment comprises an alignment of the amino acid sequences of at least two relevant starch debranching enzymes.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the key alignment comprises an alignment of at least two amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO 1, 2, 3 and
 4. 30. The method of any of claims 15-29, wherein mutation of the second parent starch debranching enzyme is performed in at least one loop of the second parent starch debranching enzyme which is homologous with a corresponding loop identified in Table 1 herein.
 31. A method for converting starch to one or more sugars, the method comprising debranching the starch using at least one enzyme variant as defined in any of claims 1-30.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the starch conversion comprises liquefaction at a temperature of at least about 95° C. using at least one enzyme variant as defined in any of claims 1-6 and at least one α-amylase.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the enzyme variant is a pullulanase or an isoamylase.
 34. The method of any of claims 31-33, wherein the starch conversion comprises saccharification at a temperature of at least about 63° C., preferably at least about 70° C., using at least one enzyme variant as defined in any of claims 1-4 or 7-9 and at least one glucoamylase.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the enzyme variant is a pullulanase. 